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EC number: 215-215-7 | CAS number: 1313-99-1
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.05 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
- Route of original study:
- By inhalation
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- other: See Appendix C2 to CSR
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.05 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- other:
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 18.9 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- other:
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 1.4
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- other: HEC-NOAEC
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.012 mg/cm²
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- sensitisation (skin)
DNEL related information
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 2
- Dose descriptor:
- other: NOAEL
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Additional information - workers
Note 1. Exposures are always given in terms of mg nickel and NOT as mg substance.
Note 2. In cases where existing standards (OELs in case of workers, ambient air standards in case of general public) are used instead of DNEL/DMEL, the fields for Assessment factors and Dose descriptor were left blank. Further information on the air Standard derivation is contained in the documents referenced in the Table below.
Note 3. Acute systemic and local effects are relevant for short-term worker’s exposure (peak exposure of 15 minutes to a few hours). Long-term systemic and local effects are relevant to long-term worker’s exposure defined as 8 hours/day and 5 days per week for a working life.
Nickel Oxide CSR Table for Workers
Exposure pattern | Route | Descriptor | DNEL / DMELa | AF | Corrected Dose descriptor | Most sensitive endpoint | Justification |
Acute - systemic effects | Dermal |
|
|
|
|
| Not relevant, negligible absorption |
Acute - systemic effects | Inhalation | No DNEL (Derived No Effect Level) is requiredb |
|
|
|
| See footnotes |
Acute - local effects | Dermal |
|
|
|
|
| Not relevant, not classified |
Acute - local effects | Inhalation | DNEL (Derived No Effect Level) | 18.9 mg Ni/m³ Inhalable fractionc | 1.4d | HEC-NOAEC: 26.5 mg Ni/m3 Inhalable fractione | repeated dose toxicity (lung inflammation) | See footnotes |
Long-term - systemic effects | Dermal |
|
|
|
|
| Not relevant, negligible absorption |
Long-term - systemic effects | Inhalation | DNEL (Derived No Effect Level) | 0.05 mg Ni/m³ Inhalable fractionf |
|
| developmental toxicity | See footnotes |
Long-term - local effects | Dermal | DNEL (Derived No Effect Level) | 0.012 mg Ni/cm² | 2g | NOAEL correctedh: 0.024 mg Ni/cm² from0.00044 mg Ni/cm² (sulphate) | sensitisation (skin) | See footnotes |
Long-term - local effects | Inhalation | DNEL (Derived No Effect Level) | 0.05 mg Ni/m³ Inhalable fractionf |
|
| carcinogenicity and repeated toxicity (respiratory tract- inhalation) | See footnotes |
a. The approaches used in the derivation of DNELs are described in a report prepared by VITO Consultancy (Belgium)(Appendix C1), and in Appendices B3 (long-term local effect, dermal), C2 (long-term DNELs), C3 (acute DNELs), and C4 (Summary DNEL table).
b. Nickel oxide is not classified for acute toxicity by inhalation, oral or dermal routes. Thus, no acute systemic inhalation DNEL is required.
c. The derivation of the acute inhalation DNELs is described in detail in Appendix C3. Dosimetric modeling was used to calculate human equivalent air concentrations (HECs) for the points of departures based on effects associated with pulmonary retained (local effects) nickel doses in rats. This modeling accounts for differences in pulmonary deposition of different particle sizes between rats and humans, and also allowed the incorporation of inhalable workplace particle size ranges in the calculations.
d. AF = 1.4. [AF interspecies difference (AS) = 1 local respiratory effects. AF interspecies difference in susceptibility = 1 (for respiratory toxicity effects after inhalation of particles of nickel or most metal-containing substances in the respirable range, rats seem to be more susceptible to toxicity effects than mice, primates or humans; AF intraspecies differences in susceptibility=3 for substances that do not undergo metabolism. An AF for exposure duration = 1/2.1 was applied to extrapolate from 16 day repeated exposures to a single exposure. Overall AF= 1 X 3 X 1/2.1 = 1.4]. See Appendix C3 section C3.6.2 for more detailed justification of AF selection.
e. The HEC-NOAEC of 26.5 mg Ni/m3 (inhalable fraction) was derived from the NOAEC of 3.9 mg Ni/m3 (MMAD=2.9µm) by applying a dosimetry adjustment as described in Appendix C3.
f. The justification for the use of an inhalable OEL of 0.05 mg Ni/m3 is provided in Appendix C2. This value is based on the SCOEL proposed inhalable OEL for nickel compounds of 0.01 mg Ni/m3 (June 2011) with further adjustments for differences in particle size distributions between animal experiments and workplace exposures and differences in sampling efficiency between 37-mm and inhalable samplers. The SCOEL value was based on epidemiological data on cancer effects. The registrant-derived inhalable value of 0.05 mg Ni/m3 is based on toxicity local effects observed in the lungs of rats after inhalation and carcinogenicity effects in the respiratory tract observed in human studies. Both registrant and SCOEL consider nickel compounds to be genotoxic carcinogens with a practical threshold. These values are also protective against possible reproductive effects. See Appendix C2 for detailed description of this DNEL derivation.
g. AF =2. For the water insoluble compounds like Ni oxide, the uncertainty in the relative bioelution data compared to Ni sulphate relates to the repeatability (within labs) and reproducibility (between labs) of bioelution results and the relevance of the test conditions to the human exposure in the patch test and in the workplace. Based on good repeatability and reproducibility of bioelution data and relevancy of testing conditions to in vivo situation an assessment factor no greater than 2 is justified (see Appendix B3). The derivation of a DNEL for dermal sensitization by nickel oxide is a conservative approach since no classification appears to be warranted for this endpoint based on Ni release in sweat. The derived DNEL is protective of both acute and long-term local dermal effects.The derived DNEL is likely to overestimate risk compared to workplace 8 h exposure without occlusion.
h. Corrected dose descriptor = 0.024 mg Ni/cm2 [0.44 µg Ni/cm2 x 54 = 0.024 mg Ni/cm2); where 0.44 µg Ni/cm2 is the DNEL for nickel sulphate based on the Fischeret al.(2005) study and 54 is the fold less release of Ni as percent of Ni content from nickel oxide-black than from Ni sulphate after 24 hours, 37C in sweat, KMHC, 2010 (Appendix B3). This correction was applied because the amount of Ni (II) ions released from one gram of Ni on the skin will be much lower than if the dust is made of nickel oxide than it would be if the dust is made of nickel sulphate (100% dissolved). For nickel oxide, 0.0016 (green) or 0.0184 (black) g of Ni (II) ion/g Ni dust (100% Ni oxide) were released in sweat while 1 g of Ni (II) ion was available per g of Ni applied in the patch test (100% Ni sulphate). The ratios are 1/0.0184 = 54 and 1/0.0016 = 625. The most conservative value of 54 observed for NiO-black was applied to both forms of NiO. See Appendix C2. This DNEL is protective of both acute and long-term local dermal effects.
Appendix C1= VITO report: Derivation of DNELs for 4 Ni substances
Appendix C2= Background document in support of use of Long-term Inhalable DNELs for Nickel Metal and Nickel Compounds
Appendix C3 = Background Document in Support of Acute DNELs and Guidance Values for Nickel Metal and Nickel Compounds
Appendix C4 = Excel table of DNEL derivations –nickel oxide
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 60 ng/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
- Route of original study:
- By inhalation
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- other:
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 60 ng/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- other:
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 1.8 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 2.3
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- other: HEC-NOAEC
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.013 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 100
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- BMDL10
- Value:
- 1.3 mg/kg bw/day
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.37 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 100
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 36.6 mg/kg bw/day
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Additional information - General Population
Note 1. Exposures are always given in terms of mg nickel and NOT as mg substance.
Note 2. In cases where existing standards (OELs in case of workers, ambient air standards in case of general public) are used instead of DNEL/DMEL, the fields for Assessment factors and Dose descriptor were left blank. Further information on the air Standard derivation is contained in the documents referenced in the Table below.
Note 3. Acute systemic and local effects are relevant for short-term exposure (peak exposure of 15 minutes to a few hours). Long-term systemic and local effects are relevant to long-term exposure defined as 24 hours/day and 7 days per week for a life-time.
Nickel Oxide CSR Table for General Population
Exposure pattern | Route | Descriptor | DNEL / DMELa | AF | Corrected Dose descriptor | Most sensitive endpoint | Justification |
Acute - systemic effects | Dermal |
|
|
|
|
| Not relevant, negligible exposure and absorption |
| Inhalation | No DNEL (Derived No Effect Level) is requiredb |
|
|
|
| See footnotes |
| Oral |
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level) |
0.37 mg Ni ion/kg/day c |
100d |
NOAEL = 36.6 mg Ni/kg/day [soluble Ni] |
acute toxicity (mortality) |
See footnotes |
Acute - local effects | Dermal |
|
|
|
|
| Not relevant, not irritant |
| Inhalation | DNEL (Derived No Effect Level) | 1.8 mg Ni/m³e | 2.3f | HEC-NOAEC: 4.2 mg Ni/m3 g | repeated dose toxicity (lung inflammation) | See footnotes |
Long-term - systemic effects | Dermal |
|
|
|
|
| Not relevant, negligible exposure and absorption |
| Inhalation | DNEL (Derived No Effect Level) | 0.00006mg Ni/m3h |
| Calculated NAEC 0.11 mg Ni/m3 | reproductive developmental toxicity | See footnotes |
| Oral |
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level) |
0.013 mg Ni ion /kg/dayi |
100j |
BMDL10: 1.3 mg Ni/kg/day [soluble Ni] |
reproductive developmental toxicity |
See footnotes |
Long-term - local effects | Dermal |
|
|
|
|
| Not relevant, negligible exposure |
| Inhalation | DNEL (Derived No Effect Level) | 0.00006mg Ni/m3h |
| Calculated NAEC 0.11 mg Ni/m3 | repeated dose toxicity (lung inflammation) Carcinogenicity | See footnotes |
a. The approaches used in the derivation of DNELs are described in a report prepared by VITO Consultancy (Belgium)(Appendix C1), and in AppendicesC2 (long-term DNELs),C3 (acute DNELs), andC4 (Summary DNEL table).
b. Nickel oxide is not classified for acute toxicity by inhalation, oral or dermal routes. Thus, no acute systemic inhalation DNEL is required.
c. This DNEL value applies to the Ni (II) ion that may be released from nickelcompoundsand becomes available in water or food. It is derived from acute toxicity data of soluble Ni and applied to any Ni ions released from Nicompounds. This valueisconsidered to be protective of the adult population but not necessary nickel-sensitive subpopulations.
d. AF= 100 [AF interspecies difference other =2.5; AF interspecies AS =4 (rat-human); AF intraspecies differences in susceptibility=10 for the general population according to ECHA Guidance Table R. 8-6 Default assessment factor;s AF to account for differences in exposure duration=1; Overall AF = 2.5 x 4 x 10 = 100.
e. The derivation of the acute inhalation DNELs is described inAppendix C3. Dosimetric modeling was used to calculate human equivalent air concentrations (HECs) for the points of departures based on effects associated with pulmonary deposited (systemic effects) or retained (local effects) nickel doses in rats. This modeling accounts for differences in pulmonary deposition of different particle sizes between rats and humans. HECs were calculated using particle size of animal aerosol that reasonably correspond to the PM10aerosol fraction of ambient air.
f. AF = 2.3 [AF interspecies difference (AS) = 1 local respiratory effects. AF interspecies difference in susceptibility = 1 (for respiratory toxicity effects after inhalation of particles of nickel or most metal-containing substances in the respirable range, rats seem to be more susceptible to toxicity effects than mice, primates or humans. AF intraspecies differences in susceptibility=5for substances that do not undergo metabolism. An AF for exposure duration= 1/2.1 was applied to extrapolate from 16 day repeated exposures to a single exposure.SeeAppendix C3section C3.6.2 for more detailed justification of AF. Overall AF= 1 X 5 X 1/2.1 = 2.3].
g. The HEC-NOAEC of 4.2 mg Ni/m3(ambient air) was derived from the NOAEC of 3.9 mg Ni/m3(MMAD=2.9µm) by applying a dosimetry adjustment as described inAppendix C3.
h. An ambient air PM10DNEL of 60 ng/m3was derived based on the dose descriptors reported by Oller et al., (2014) and the subsequent application of assessment factors described in Buekers et al. (2015) and described inAppendix C1andAppendix D5. The DNEL value is applied to ‘total nickel’ (including all chemical forms of nickel) because information on the speciation of emitted Ni substances is not always available. The value is applicable to typical mixtures of Ni prevailing in ambient air, at the regional and local scale. This DNEL protects from possible respiratory toxicity and reproductive effects, as well as carcinogenicity by considering nickel compounds to be indirect genotoxic carcinogens with a practical threshold similar to the approach taken by SCOEL (2011) when deriving OELs for nickel compounds (seeAppendix C1andAppendix D5).
I. The oral DNEL for long-term systemic effects (0.013 mg Ni/kg/day) is based the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for nickel derived by EFSA (2020). An increased incidence of post-implantation loss in rats in SLI (2000) was identified as the critical effect for the risk characterisation of chronic oral exposure and a BMDL10 of 1.3 mg Ni/kg body weight (bw) per day was selected as the reference point for the establishment of a TDI. The application of an uncertainty factor of 100 (10 to account for interspecies variation and 10 to account for intraspecies variation) gives a TDI of 13 µg/kg of body weight.
J. AF= 100 [AF interspecies difference other =2.5; AF interspecies AS =4 (rat-human); AF intraspecies differences in susceptibility=10 for the general population according to ECHA Guidance Table R. 8-6 Default assessment factor;s AF to account for differences in exposure duration=1; Overall AF = 2.5 x 4 x 10 = 100.; the inclusion of a factor of 2-3 for severity of effects is not justified since an exposure level corresponding to 2-fold the NOAEL in the second generation study with nickel sulphate was considered by some experts as the NOAEL for the observed effects.
Appendix C1= Derivation of DNELs for 4 Reference Ni substances
Appendix C2= Background document in support of use of Long-term Inhalable DNELs for Nickel Metal and Nickel Compounds
Appendix C3= Background Document in Support of Acute DNELs and Guidance Values for Nickel Metal and
Nickel Compounds
Appendix C4= Excel table of DNEL derivations –nickel oxide
Appendix D5= Man Via the Environment Risk Assessment
Sensitive subpopulations.Sensitive subpopulations are not separately addressed.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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