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EC number: 202-377-9 | CAS number: 94-96-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
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- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Effects on fertility
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to reproduction
- Remarks:
- other: Teratology study with information on fertility
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Published in a peer-reviewed journal
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: OECD 414
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- GLP teratology study with information on fertility
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Laboratories, Inc. Portage, MI, USA
- Age at study initiation:
- Weight at study initiation: 250-300 g (males) and 175-200 g (females)
- Housing: two per cage, in stainless steel wire mesh cages
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad liitum
- Acclimation period: 2 weeks
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 68-75 F.
- Humidity (%): 42-65
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12 - Route of administration:
- dermal
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on exposure:
- TEST SITE
- Area of exposure: 1.5 x 1.5 inches
- % coverage:
- Type of wrap if used: occlusive, polyvinyl film over sterilized gauze square. A Lycra-Spandex jacket with Velcro closure covered the dosing site.
- Time intervals for shavings or clipplings: no data, but skin was clipped
REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
- Washing (if done): yes, warm water-dampened gauze
- Time after start of exposure: 6 h
TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit):1.0-4.0 ml/day
- Concentration (if solution): 100%
- Constant volume or concentration used: no
USE OF RESTRAINERS FOR PREVENTING INGESTION: no; applied to dorsal trunk not accessible to mouth - Details on mating procedure:
- - Impregnation procedure: cohoused
- If cohoused:
- M/F ratio per cage: 1/1
- Proof of mating: The presence of a dropped copulation plug was considered evidence of successful mating, and designated as gestation day (gd) 0 - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- no
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not required for undiluted material
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 10 days during gestation
- Frequency of treatment:
- once daily
- Details on study schedule:
- Days 6-15 (inclusive) during gestation
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
4.0 ml/kg bw/d
Basis:
other: undiluted test article based on maternal body weight on GD 6. Equivalent to 3768 mg/kg bw/d. - Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
2.0 ml/kg bw/d
Basis:
other: undiluted test article based on maternal body weight on GD 6. Equivalent to 1884 mg/kg bw/d. - Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
1.0 ml/kg bw/d
Basis:
other: undiluted test article based on maternal body weight on GD 6. Equivalent to 942 mg/kg bw/d. - No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 25 successfully-mated females per dose group
- Control animals:
- yes
- Details on study design:
- Controls were animals where 4.0 ml of water was applied under identical occlusive patches
- Dose selection rationale: Doses were those found to include the NOAEL for repeated dose exposure (see Section 7.5.2, Van Miller, 1994)
- Rationale for animal assignment (if not random): randomly assigned by computer-generated procedure. - Positive control:
- none
- Parental animals: Observations and examinations:
- Assessments made on females only.
CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: daily, twice daily during the treatment period
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: daily, twice daily during the treatment period for clinical signs of toxicity or pharmacologic effects and local skin irritation
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: on days 0, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study): Yes
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes, over 3-day intervals from GD 0 to 21.
- Compound intake was calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: No data
POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: Yes
- Sacrifice on gestation day #21 by CO2 asphyxiation
- Organs examined: gravid uterus, ovaries and other pelvic and abdominal visceral were inspected for signs of gross pathology - Oestrous cyclicity (parental animals):
- not examined
- Sperm parameters (parental animals):
- not examined
- Litter observations:
- STANDARDISATION OF LITTERS
- Performed on day 4 postpartum: no, on GD 21.
PARAMETERS EXAMINED
The following parameters were examined in [F1 / F2 / F3] offspring:
[number of corpora lutea, total implants per litter, % preimplantation loss, early and late resorptions, number and sex of pups, sex ratios, stillbirths and dead fetuses, live births, postnatal mortality at GD 21, presence of gross anomalies]
GROSS EXAMINATION OF DEAD PUPS:
[yes, for external and internal abnormalities] - Postmortem examinations (parental animals):
- SACRIFICE
- Male animals: no
- Maternal animals: All survival animals [sacrificed on GD21]
GROSS NECROPSY
- Gross necropsy consisted of [the gravid uterus, ovaries, and other pelvic and abdominal viscera. Ovarian corpora lutea were counted. Maternal and gravid uterine weights were measured. Uteri were dissected longitudinally, and live and dead fetuses and resorption sites counted.
HISTOPATHOLOGY / ORGAN WEIGHTS: yes - Postmortem examinations (offspring):
- GROSS NECROPSY
- Gross necropsy consisted of [external and internal examinations including the cervical and abdominal viscera. One-half of each litter was examined for thoracoabdominal visceral abnormalities. These fetuses were decapitated and the heads fixed in Bouin's fluid for subsequent examination of craniofacial abnormalities using sectioning methods. The remaining fetuses in each litter were eviscerated, fixed in ethanol, processed for staining with alizarin red S, and examined for skeletal malformations and variations.] - Statistics:
- The unit of comparison was the pregnant female or the litter. Quantitative continuous variables were intercompared using Levene's test for equal variances, ANOVA and t-tests with Bonferroni probablilities for pairwise comparisons. When Levene's test indicated heterogeneous variances, all groups were compared by an analysis of variance for unequal variances followed, if necessary, by the separate variance t-test.
Nonparametric data were analyzed statistically by the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by a Mann-Whitney U-test, if appropriate. Incidence data were compared using Fisher's exact test. For all statistical tests, a probability value of p < 0.05 (two-tailed) was used as the criterion for significance. - Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Decreased body weight gain, mild skin irritation and increased liver weights
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Body weights were decreased at the high dose
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Body weights were decreased at the high dose
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
- Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:
- no effects observed
- Reproductive function: sperm measures:
- not examined
- Reproductive performance:
- not examined
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 3 768 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Equivalent to 4.0 ml/kg bw/d
- Clinical signs:
- not examined
- Mortality / viability:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Sexual maturation:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- no effects observed
- Gross pathological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Increased incidence of visceral malformations and variations
- Histopathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Reproductive effects observed:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- EHD, when applied dermally to the skin of rats, for a duration of 6 h/day during gestation, resulted in minor maternal toxicity but no effects on female reproductive performance or fertility. The NOEL is > 4.0 ml/kg bw/day or 3768 mg/kg bw/day.
Reference
One moribund female of the high dose group was sacrificed on GD11. Necropsy showed hydronephrosis and urinary bladder calculi and therefore death was considered not to be related to treatment. Corrected body weight change was slightly but not statistically significantly reduced at the high dose. Although not significant, maternal body weight gains were lower than for controls for the high dose group over the whole treatment period, particularly during the first 3 days of treatment. There were no significant or dose-related trends for changes in food consumption. There were no treatment-related differences from controls in terminal body weight or gravid uterine weights. Necropsies showed no treatment-related gross pathology in any animal.
There were statistically-significant increases in absolute liver weight at 4.0 ml/kg bw/d, and relative liver weight was increased at all dosages, with mean increases of 15.5% at the high dose, 7.8% at the middle dose, and 7.8% at the low dose.
There was no statistically significant increase in the incidence of total visceral malformations, but a statistically significant increase in the incidence of unilateral hydroureter, compared with the concurrent controls, was present at the high dose. There was no apparent predominance associated with the side affected. Three visceral variations were statistically significantly increased at high dose: fetal atelectasis or partial fetal atelectasis, bilateral dilated lateral cerebral ventricle, and bilateral dilated ureters. The incidences of dilated lateral ventricle and of bilateral dilated ureter were also significantly increased at the middle dose.
Thirteen skeletal variations indicating reduced ossification were statistically increased for several skeletal districts at the high dose. A reduced number of caudal segments was observed at both the high and low doses.
There were no differences in the number of pregnancies resulting from mating as a result of treatment during gestation. There were no differences in reproductive factors or fetal body weights. This included the number of corpora lutea, % preimplantation loss, implantations, implantations per litter, viable implantations, resorptions, % live fetuses per litter, or sex ratio.
Effect on fertility: via oral route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Effect on fertility: via inhalation route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Effect on fertility: via dermal route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- 3 768 mg/kg bw/day
- Study duration:
- subacute
- Species:
- rat
- Quality of whole database:
- inadequate for complete evaluation of fertility
Additional information
Limited information is available on the effects on fertility of this substance.
Justification for selection of Effect on fertility via dermal route:
provides some information but not typical of a reproductive toxicity guideline study.
Effects on developmental toxicity
Description of key information
Minor maternal toxicity and minor fetal teratogenicity were observed at dermal doses of 1884 mg/kg bw/d and higher in rats.
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Reviewed in a peer-reviewed publication
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Details on mating procedure:
- no data
- Frequency of treatment:
- once daily on gestation days 6-15
- Duration of test:
- 10 days
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg/kg bw/d
Basis:
nominal conc. - No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 8
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on maternal toxic effects:
- Maternal toxic effects:yes. Remark: lethality (7/8 at highest dose, 1/8 from high-mid dose group)
Details on maternal toxic effects:
Signs among the decedents were: weakness, respiratory difficulty, dehydration, sialorrhea, disturbance of gait, nasal discharge, diarrhea and decreased fecal volume. Animals from the high dose group also had hypothermia, partial blepharospasm and excessive lacrimation. Food consumption in all groups was reduced for the first 3 days of treatment. At pathology in the high dose group, there was necrosis of the gastric glandular mucosa, excess mucus in the cecum and thymic and adipose tissue atrophy. - Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect level:
- other: maternal toxicity
- Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:yes. Remark: Resorptions and post-implantation losses were incrfeased and mean fetal body weights were decreased, for the mid-high dose group
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
Resorptions and post-implantation losses were incrfeased and mean fetal body weights were decreased, for the mid-high dose group. Mortality prevented evaluation of high dose group effects. Malformations/variations in the mid-high group included: rudimentary tails, edematous and/or hemorrhagic tails, hindlimb curvature, arthrogryposis, shortened trunk, umbilical hernia and hematomas. - Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect level:
- other: teratogenicity
- Abnormalities:
- not specified
- Developmental effects observed:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Oral gavage dosing of EHD in pregnant rats during organogenesis resulted in maternal toxicity and lethality at doses higher than 2000 mg/kg bw/d. Teratogenic effects occurred at these maternally toxic doses but not at lower doses. The NOAEL is 1000 mg/kg bw/d.
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Published in a peer-reviewed journal
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Laboratories, Inc. Portage, MI, USA
- Age at study initiation:
- Weight at study initiation: 250-300 g (males) and 175-200 g (females)
- Housing: two per cage, in stainless steel wire mesh cages
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad liitum
- Acclimation period: 2 weeks
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 68-75 F.
- Humidity (%): 42-65
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12 - Route of administration:
- dermal
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on exposure:
- TEST SITE
- Area of exposure: 1.5 x 1.5 inches
- % coverage:
- Type of wrap if used: occlusive, polyvinyl film over sterilized gauze square. A Lycra-Spandex jacket with Velcro closure covered the dosing site.
- Time intervals for shavings or clipplings: no data, but skin was clipped
REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
- Washing (if done): yes, warm water-dampened gauze
- Time after start of exposure: 6 h
TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit):1.0-4.0 ml/day
- Concentration (if solution): 100%
- Constant volume or concentration used: no
USE OF RESTRAINERS FOR PREVENTING INGESTION: no; applied to dorsal trunk not accessible to mouth - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- no
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- No need to assay undiluted EHD
- Details on mating procedure:
- - Impregnation procedure: cohoused
- If cohoused:
- M/F ratio per cage: 1/1
- Proof of mating: The presence of a dropped copulation plug was considered evidence of successful mating, and designated as gestation day (gd) 0 - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 10, days 6-15 inclusive
- Frequency of treatment:
- once daily, 6 h dermal exposure per day
- Duration of test:
- 21 days after determination of successful mating
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
4.0 ml/kg bw/d
Basis:
other: undiluted test article based on maternal body weight on GD 6. Equivalent to 3768 mg/kg bw/d. - Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
2.0 ml/kg bw/d
Basis:
other: undiluted test article based on maternal body weight on GD 6, equivalent to 1884 mg/kg bw/d. - Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
1.0 ml/kg bw/d
Basis:
other: undiluted test article based on maternal body weight on GD 6, equivalent to 942 mg/kg bw/d. - No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 25 successfully-mated females per dose group
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- Controls were animals where 4.0 ml of water was applied under identical occlusive patches
- Dose selection rationale: Doses were those found to include the NOAEL for repeated dose exposure (see Section 7.5.2, Van Miller, 1994)
- Rationale for animal assignment (if not random): randomly assigned by computer-generated procedure.
- Other: Surviving females were sacrificed on GD21 by CO2 asphyxiation. - Maternal examinations:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: daily, twice daily during the treatment period
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: daily, twice daily during the treatment period for clinical signs of toxicity or pharmacologic effects and local skin irritation
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: on days 0, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study): Yes
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes, over 3-day intervals from GD 0 to 21.
- Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: No data
POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: Yes
- Sacrifice on gestation day #21
- Organs examined: gravid uterus, ovaries and ohter pelvic and abdominal visceral were inspected for signs of gross pathology
OTHER: - Ovaries and uterine content:
- The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: Yes
Examinations included:
- Gravid uterus weight: Yes
- Number of corpora lutea: Yes
- Number of implantations: Yes
- Number of early resorptions: Yes
- Number of late resorptions: Yes
- Other: - Fetal examinations:
- - External examinations: Yes: [all per litter]
- Soft tissue examinations: Yes: [half per litter]
- Skeletal examinations: Yes: [half per litter]
- Head examinations: Yes: [half per litter] - Statistics:
- The unit of comparison was the pregnant female or the litter. Quantitative continuous variables were intercompared using Levene's test for equal variances, ANOVA and t-tests with Bonferroni probablilities for pairwise comparisons. When Levene's test indicated heterogeneous variances, all groups were compared by an analysis of variance for unequal variances followed, if necessary, by the separate variance t-test.
Nonparametric data were analyzed statistically by the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by a Mann-Whitney U-test, if appropriate. Incidence data were compared using Fisher's exact test. For all statistical tests, a probability value of p < 0.05 (two-tailed) was used as the criterion for significance. - Details on maternal toxic effects:
- Maternal toxic effects:no effects
Details on maternal toxic effects:
No erythema or edema was seen at the dosing site. Exfoliation and crusting, possibly related to drying, were seen in a few animals of the 2.0 and 4.0 ml/kg bw/d groups.
One moribund female of the 4.0 ml/kg bw/d group was sacrificed on GD11. Necropsy showed hydronephrosis and urinary bladder calculi and therefore death was considered not to be related to treatment. Corrected body weight change was slightly but not statistically significantly reduced at the high dose. Although not significant, maternal body weight gains were lower than for controls for the high-dose group over the whole treatment period, particularly during the first 3 days of treatment. There were no significant or dose-related trends for changes in food consumption. There were no treatment-related differences from controls in terminal body weight or gravid uterine weights. Necropsies showed no treatment-related gross pathology in any animal.
There were statistically-significant increases in absolute liver weight at 4.0 ml/kg bw/d, and relative liver weight was increased at all dosages, with mean increases of 15.5% at the high dose, 7.8% at the middle dose, and 7.8% at the low dose. - Dose descriptor:
- NOEL
- Effect level:
- 942 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect level:
- other: developmental toxicity
- Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:yes. Remark: visceral malformations
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
There were no treatment-related effects on the average number of corpora lutea or implantations (total, viable and nonviable), pre- and postimplantation losses. There were no significant differences in fetal body weights or the incidence of external malformations (or variations) or total visceral malformations.
A statistically significant increase in the incidence of unilateral hydroureter, compared with the concurrent controls, was present at the high dose, when analysed on a "per litter" basis. There was no statistically-significant effect when analysed on a "per fetus" basis. There was no apparent predominance associated with the side altered.
Independently, there was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of three variations at the high dose on a "per litter" basis: fetal atelectasis or partial fetal atelectasis, bilateral dilated lateral cerebral ventricle and bilateral dilated ureters. The incidences of dilated lateral ventricle and of bilateral dilated ureter were also significantly increased at the mid dose.
Although statistically there was an increase in the incidence of total skeletal malformations, this was considered not biologically significant because of an absence of a dose-response relationship. Thirteen skeletal variations indicating reduced ossification were statistically increased for several skeletal districts at the high dose. A reduced number of caudal segments was observed at both 4.0 and 2.0 ml/kg bw/d. - Abnormalities:
- not specified
- Developmental effects observed:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- EHD, when applied dermally to the skin of pregnant rats, for a duration of 6 h/day on gestational days 6-15, resulted in maternal body weight decreases and liver enlargement. A fetal visceral organ effect was also observed in the high-dose groups as unilateral hydroureter. Variations included dilated lateral cerebral ventricles, bilateral dilated ureter, and decreased ossification and caudal segments. The NOEL is 1.0 ml/kg bw/day or 942 mg/kg bw/day.
Referenceopen allclose all
Compared with laboratory historical controls, the incidence of unilateral hydroureter at 4.0 ml/kg bw/d in this study was in excess of the upper limit in the historical values. For variants, while 11 of the current incidences fell within the range of the historical controls, six were in excess of the upper limit.
Effect on developmental toxicity: via oral route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Study duration:
- subacute
- Species:
- rat
- Quality of whole database:
- adequate
Effect on developmental toxicity: via inhalation route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Effect on developmental toxicity: via dermal route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- 942 mg/kg bw/day
- Study duration:
- subacute
- Species:
- rat
- Quality of whole database:
- adequate
Additional information
Experimental studies of EHD results in minor maternal toxicity and minor fetal teratogenicity. When applied to the skin of rats for 6 h per day under occlusive wrapping on gestation days 6 -15, EHD (at 3768 mg/kg bw/d) exerted minimal maternal toxicity (slight body weight decrease, minimal skin irritation, and liver enlargement). Hepatic enlargement was attributed to an adaptational effect of liver metabolism, documented in toxicokinetic studies, and was observed in repeated dose toxicity studies in adult rats. Weak developmental toxicity was observed in the teratology study at this high dose and marginally so at the mid dose (1884 mg/kg bw/d). This consisted of visceral malformations and variations, such as hydroureter, dilated cerebral ventricles and and fetal atelectasis. An applied dosage of 1.0 ml/kg bw/d (942 mg/kg bw/d) was a clear "no observed effect level" (NOEL) for dermal developmental toxicity in the rat. Oral gavage dosing of rats resulted in mild maternal and developmental toxicity (resorptions and fetal body weight decrements, and skeletal variants) at 2000 mg/kg bw/d. No hydroureter or dilated ventricles or atelectasis was observed by this route of administration. The NOAEL for oral dosing was 1000 mg/kg bw/d.
Consistency of reproductive effects between different routes was not demonstrated. There is no evidence of an intrinsic specific property producing an adverse effect on reproduction. The teratologic effects are not of major consequence or high incidence. Maternal toxicity effects likely associated with hepatic metabolism are demonstrated with both routes, with the fetal effects a possible result of the metabolic demand of the high dose. Effects are observed only after exaggerated exposures (occlusive 6 h repeated dermal doses or oral gavage).
EHD has been approved in several countries (US, Canada) as a consumer product (insect repellent) and cosmetic (US, Japan). The substance has a long history of safe use as a dermally-applied product, without reports of human developmental toxicity.
Out of an abundance of concern over the above-cited evidence of reproductive toxicity, EHD has been removed from the consumer market as an insect repellent (Canada, US).Justification for selection of Effect on developmental toxicity: via oral route:
experimental result
Justification for selection of Effect on developmental toxicity: via dermal route:
experimental study
Justification for classification or non-classification
EHD has a long history of safe use as a dermally-applied insect repellent and cosmetic, without reports of human developmental toxicity. The conclusion from animal reproductive studies is that EHD is a weak developmental toxicant at high doses under exaggerated occlusive conditions. These studies show no evidence of an intrinsic specific adverse reproductive effect, nor effects in the absence of maternal toxicity. The substance does not meet the criteria of a reproductive toxicant under Regulation EC No. 1272/2008.
Additional information
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