Aluminium orthophosphate

Repeated dose toxicity: oral

Administrative data

Endpoint:

sub-chronic toxicity: oral

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

No data

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Remarks:

The test substance identity has not been clarified in the study report, however composition of the test material is known and the study is considered to be reliable for use as a key study.

Justification for type of information:

REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.

1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
In accordance with REACH Annex XI, Section 1.5, of Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH) the standard testing regime may be adapted in cases where a grouping or read-across approach has been applied.

The similarities may be based on:
(1) a common functional group
(2) the common precursors and/or the likelihood of common breakdown products via physical or biological processes, which result in structurally similar chemicals; or
(3) a constant pattern in the changing of the potency of the properties across the category

The source substance and the target substance are considered to be similar enough to facilitate read-across for the following reasons:
(1) Both substances are inorganic salts containing a trivalent aluminium cation and phosphoric acid. Thus, they all share the Al3+ cation and the PO43- anion as common functional groups. The source substance also contains an Na+ ion, this is not expected to influence the toxicological profile of the substance. Therefore the toxicity of the above substances will be predominantly determined by the presence of the Al3+ cation.
(2) Both substances will ultimately dissociate into the common breakdown products of the Al3+ cations and the PO43- anion.
(3) In general, independently of the cation under consideration, the water solubility of phosphates decreases with increasing degree of phosphate condensation (orthophosphate > diphosphate > triphosphate > polyphosphate).
In accordance with the provisions set out in Annex XI, Section 1.5, the results of the studies used for assessment and read-across are adequate for the purpose of classification and labelling and/or risk assessment; have adequate and reliable coverage of the key parameters addressed in the corresponding test method; cover an exposure duration comparable to or longer than the corresponding test method; and adequate and reliable documentation of the applied method is provided in the technical dossier.

2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES)
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.

3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.

4. DATA MATRIX
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.

Cross-reference

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

1972

Report date:

1972

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

A 90 day oral toxicity study was conducted with purebred beagle dogs fed KASAL at dietary levels of 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0%.

GLP compliance:

no

Remarks:

Study predates GLP

Limit test:

no

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

Phosphoric acid, aluminium sodium salt

EC Number:

232-090-4

EC Name:

Phosphoric acid, aluminium sodium salt

Cas Number:

7785-88-8

Constituent 2

Reference substance name:

sodium aluminium phosphate (15:3:8)

IUPAC Name:

sodium aluminium phosphate (15:3:8)

Test material form:

solid: particulate/powder

Remarks:

migrated information: powder

Details on test material:

- Name of test material (as cited in study report): KASAL

Test animals

Species:

dog

Strain:

Beagle

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Laboratory's own IBTL colony
- Age at study initiation: See Table 1
- Weight at study initiation: See Table 1
- Fasting period before study: No data
- Housing: Animals were housed in kennels equipped with outside runs. Four dogs of the same sex and group were accommodated in a single kennel.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Stock diet (Golden Choice Meals, Adolph Coors Company, Denver, Colorado) available ad libitum
- Water: available ad libitum
- Acclimation period: The dogs were observed for two weeks prior to the start of the investigation during which time they were reimmunised against rabies, distemper, infectious canine hepatitis and leptospirosis and rendered clinically free of any existing parasitic infestation.


ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
No data


IN-LIFE DATES: No data

Administration / exposure

Route of administration:

oral: feed

Vehicle:

unchanged (no vehicle)

Details on oral exposure:

PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS: No data


DIET PREPARATION
- Rate of preparation of diet (frequency): At the beginning of each week
- Mixing appropriate amounts with (Type of food): The appropriate dietary constituents for each group were thoroughly blended in a Hobart mixer. Preweighed amounts were distributed into self-feeding units and maintained in excess of the animals' consumption. One such unit was available to the dogs in each kennel on an ad libitum basis 24 hours per day.
- Storage temperature of food: No data


VEHICLE
Not applicable

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

no

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

Not applicable

Duration of treatment / exposure:

90 days

Frequency of treatment:

Continuous exposure in feed

Doses / concentrations

Doses / concentrations 1

Remarks:

Doses / Concentrations:
0.3, 1.0 and 3.0%
Basis:
nominal in diet

Doses / concentrations 2

Remarks:

Doses / Concentrations:
Male: 94.23, 322.88 and 1107.12 mg/kg bw/day Female: 129.31, 492.77 and 1433.56 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
other: Calculated using the mean of the weekly body weight and food consumption (Week 5 has been discounted from the 492.77 mg/kg bw/day femal group due to illegible figures in the report)

No. of animals per sex per dose:

4 animals/sex/dose

Control animals:

yes, plain diet

Details on study design:

No data

Positive control:

Not used

Examinations

Observations and examinations performed and frequency:

CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Daily


DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Daily


BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: The body weight of each dog in every group was determined and recorded at the start of the study and weekly thereafter.


FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study): At the end of each 7 day period, all unconsumed food was collected and weighed. Food consumption was calculated and recorded.


FOOD EFFICIENCY: No


OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: No


HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: Prior to inception of the study and after 42 and 84 days of testing
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: No data
- Animals fasted: No data
- How many animals: all animals
- Parameters: Total leukocyte count, erythrocyte count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, differential leukocyte count


CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: Prior to inception of the study and after 42 and 84 days of testing
- Animals fasted: No data
- How many animals: all animals
- Parameters: Blood urea nitrogen, serum glucose, serum alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase


URINALYSIS: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of urine: Prior to inception of the study and after 42 and 84 days of testing
- Metabolism cages used for collection of urine: No data
- Animals fasted: No data
- Parameters: Albumin, glucose, pH, microscopic elements (leukocytes, erythrocytes, crystals)


NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: No

Sacrifice and pathology:

GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes
All major tissues and organs were examined grossly. The weights of the following organs were obtained: liver, kidneys, heart, brain, spleen, gonads, adrenal glands, thyroid gland and pituitary gland.

HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes (see table)

Other examinations:

None

Statistics:

No data

Results and discussion

Results of examinations

Clinical signs:

no effects observed

Mortality:

no mortality observed

Body weight and weight changes:

no effects observed

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

no effects observed

Food efficiency:

not examined

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

not examined

Ophthalmological findings:

not examined

Haematological findings:

no effects observed

Clinical biochemistry findings:

no effects observed

Urinalysis findings:

no effects observed

Behaviour (functional findings):

not examined

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

no effects observed

Gross pathological findings:

no effects observed

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

no effects observed

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

not examined

Details on results:

CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY: No untoward behavioural reactions were recorded during the investigation and no fatalities occurred.


BODY WEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN: No significant deviations from normally expected body weight gains for dogs of this age were noted (see Table 1).


FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE : There is no significant difference between the untreated control group and the three test groups (see Table 2).


HAEMATOLOGY: No significant abnormalities were noted at any level tested (see attached Tables 3-11).


CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: There is no significant difference between the untreated control group and the three test groups (see attached Tables 12-16).


URINALYSIS: Urinalysis revealed no significant abnormalities at any of the levels tested (see attached Tables 17-23).


ORGAN WEIGHTS: No significant abnormalities were noted among any levels tested (see attached Tables 24-32).


GROSS PATHOLOGY and HISTOPATHOLOGY: NON-NEOPLASTIC: There are no changes that can be attributed to the test material or the test procedure. All of the findings noted are attributed to spontaneous disease. (see Tables 33-36). All tissues and organs not mentioned were normal.

Effect levels

1

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

322.88 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Based on:

other: test material, calculated based on food consumption

Sex:

male

Basis for effect level:

other: histopathology; specific to kidneys

2

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

492.77 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Based on:

other: test material, calculated based on food consumption

Sex:

female

Basis for effect level:

other: histopathology; specific to kidneys

Target system / organ toxicity

Critical effects observed:

not specified

Any other information on results incl. tables

Table 1: Mean body weight data and age for males and females

Group	Dietary level (%)	Males			Females
		Mean age at inception of test (months)	Mean body weight at week 0 (kg)	Overall weight gain (kg)	Mean age at inception of test (months)	Mean body weight at week 0 (kg)	Overall weight gain (kg)
UC	None	5.9	9.5	1.9	6.0	7.3	1.7
T-I	0.3%	5.9	8.2	1.8	5.6	7.6	1.4
T-II	1.0%	5.9	9.2	2.1	5.6	5.5	1.4
T-III	3.0%	6.0	7.6	2.0	5.5	7.1	1.4

 

Table 2: Mean food consumption data

Week	-	Mean food consumed during week indicated (g/day)
	Sex:	Males				Females
	Group:	UC	T-I	T-II	T-III	UC	T-I	T-II	T-III
	Dietary level (%):	None	0.3	1.0	3.0	None	0.3	1.0	3.0
1	-	352	375	388	401	380	451	436	385
2	-	361	381	385	430	417	407	458	418
3	-	366	362	359	392	397	378	410	386
4	-	338	371	353	342	366	382	407	375
5	-	356	358	336	363	399	359	391	369
6	-	348	335	332	366	375	352	394	351
7	-	319	347	328	364	343	369	398	352
8	-	285	305	277	323	323	331	358	346
9	-	315	335	268	325	321	361	377	363
10	-	333	303	274	328	362	370	361	356
11	-	300	336	321	317	341	332	334	330
12	-	286	268	261	287	298	302	279	288
13	-	281	338	304	346	285	344	423	350
Mean	-	326	340	322	353	354	364	387	359

 

Table 33: Gross and histological findings – Untreated control group

Dog number and sex	Organ	Gross	Grade	Histologic	Grade
1-M	Liver	-	-	Focal lymphoid infiltration	+
	Lungs	-	-	Focal interstitial pneumonia	++
	Prostate	-	-	Chronic focalprostatitis	++
	Spleen	-	-	Haemosiderosis	+
2-M	Lungs	-	-	Chronic interstitial pneumonia	++
3-M	Heart	-	-	Congestion	+
	Liver	-	-	Focal lymphoid infiltration	+
	Lungs	-	-	Focal interstitial pneumonia	++
4-M	Liver	-	-	Congestion	+
	Lungs	-	-	Chronic interstitial pneumonia	++
	Spleen	-	-	Haemosiderosis	+
5-F	Liver	-	-	Congestion	++
				Focal lymphoid infiltration	+
	Lungs	-	-	Chronic interstitial pneumonia	+
		-	-	Hyperemia	+
6-F	Liver			Congestion	+
	Lungs	-	-	Chronic interstitial pneumonia	+
	Uterus	-	-	In estrus	-
7-F	Ovaries	-	-	Proestrus	-
	Liver	-	-	Congestion	++
8-F	Lungs	-	-	Chronic interstitial pneumonia	+

 

Table 34: Gross and histological findings – Test group I: 0.3 percent

Dog number and sex	Organ	Gross	Grade	Histologic	Grade
9-M	Liver	-	-	Congestion	+
	Lungs	-	-	Hyperemia	+
10-M	Liver	-	-	Congestion	+
	Lungs	-	-	Chronic interstitial pneumonia	+
11-M	Kidneys	-	-	Focal lymphoid infiltration	+
	Lungs	-	-	Congestion Focal lymphoid infiltration	+ +
12 -M	Liver	-	-	Congestion	+
	Lung	-	-	Chronic interstitial pneumonia	++
13-F	Liver	-	-	Focal lymphoid infiltration	+
	Lungs	-	-	Chronic interstitial pneumonia	+
14-F	Liver	-	-	Congestion	++
	Lungs	-	-	Bronchopneumonia	++
15-F	Liver	-	-	Focal lymphoid infiltration	+
	Lungs	-	-	Chronic interstitial pneumonia	++
16 -F	Liver	-	-	Congestion	+
	Lungs	-	-	Chronic interstitial pneumonia	++

 

Table 35: Gross and histological findings – Test group II: 1.0 percent

Dog number and sex	Organ	Gross	Grade	Histologic	Grade
17-M	Lungs	-	-	Hyperemia Chronic interstitial pneumonia	+ ++
18-M	Liver	-	-	Congestion	+
	Lungs	-	-	Chronic interstitial pneumonia	+
19 -M	-	-	-	-	-
20 -M	Lungs	-	-	Chronic interstitial pneumonia	+
21 -F	Liver	-	-	-Congestion	+
	Lungs	-	-	Chronic interstitial pneumonia Bronchopneumonia	++ ++
22-F	Liver	-	-	Congestion	+
	Lungs	-	-	Chronic interstitial pneumonia	+
23 -F	Liver	-	-	Congestion	+
	Lungs	-	-	Chronic interstitial pneumonia	+
	Mesenteric lymph node	-	-	Hyperemia	+
	Pancreas	-	-	Hyperemia	+
24 -F	Lungs	-	-	Chronic interstitial pneumonia	+

 

Table 36: Gross and histological findings – Test group III: 3.0 percent

Dog number and sex	Organ	Gross	Grade	Histologic	Grade
25-M	Liver	-	-	Congestion	+
	Kidney	-	-	Tubular concretions	+++
26-M	Liver	-	-	Congestion	+
	Kidney	-	-	Tubular concretions	+++
27-M	Liver	-	-	Congestion	++
	Lung	-	-	Chronic interstitial pneumonia	+
	Prostate	-	-	Chronic focal prostatitis	+
28 -M	Kidneys	-	-	Focal lymphoid infiltration	+
	Lungs	-	-	Chronic interstitial pneumonia	++
29 -F	Liver	-	-	Congestion	++
	Lungs	-	-	Chronic interstitial pneumonia	++
30 -F	Liver	-	-	Congestion	+
	Lungs	-	-	Chronic interstitial pneumonia	+
31-F	Liver	-	-	Congestion	+
32 -F	Gonads	-	-	Calcified follicle	+
	Kidneys	-	-	Tubular concretions	+++
	Liver	-	-	Focal lymphoid infiltration	+
	Spinal cord	-	-	Calcified debris in central canal	+

 Grading system:

+ = minimal or slight

++ = mild

+++ = moderate

++++ = severe

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

The 90-day oral administration of KASAL to purebred beagle dogs at dietary levels of 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0% revealed in three of the Group T-III animals renal concretions which were unusually large and more numerous than those normally observed in untreated dogs. The few other calcified microconcretions present in the lumen of renal tubules located at the corticomedullary junction and/or medulla of the kidney were attributed to normally occurring disease.
No significant other changes were noted. Thus the dieatry level of 1% can be considered as NOAEL (this is equivalent to 322.88 mg/kg bw/day).

This study is considered to satisfy the guideline requirements for this endpoint and also be adequate for the purposes of risk assessment. Therefore, the study is submitted as a key study and the NOAEL reported in this study is used to derive the inhalation and dermal DNELs. On consideration of all the available data, the ratio of sodium, aluminium and phosphate in the test material is not considered to be of key relevance in determining the derived no effect levels.

Read across from sodium aluminium phosphate to the following aluminium orthophosphates;

- Aluminium tris(dihydrogen phosphate)
- Aluminium orthophosphate

Can be justified on the following basis;

All members of the group are structurally similar ionic inorganic compounds consisting of aluminium cations and phosphates anions.

No members of the group are classified for acute toxicity and generally exhibited no mortalities at the classification limit. Two members of the group are classified for local effects only (i.e. skin/eye irritation) which will not have an impact on the systemic toxicity of the compounds.

An expert review of the toxicology of aluminium(1) found limited data to suggest that oral exposure to aluminium was harmful in humans. The oral toxicity of aluminium in animals is well-studied, although many of the studies are limited by a lack of reported information on aluminium content in the base diet and no specific target organs for toxicity have been identified. Further, Major sources of human oral exposure to aluminium include food (due to its use in food additives, food and beverage packaging, and cooking utensils), drinking water (due to its use in municipal water treatment), and aluminium-containing medications (particularly antacid/antiulcer and buffered aspirin formulations). Medicinal formulations containing aluminium are considered safe in healthy individuals at recommended doses.

Systemic effects in the studies with sodium aluminium phosphate were noted in the kidneys of both rats and dogs. Similar effects have been previously linked to high phosphate concentrations. However, in long-term studies these types of effects may also be attributable to normally occurring age-related disease (e.g. rats are particularly prone to nephropathies (2)).

It is therefore likely that at the dose levels required in repeated dose toxicity study no effects would be anticipated therefore the results of the studies performed on sodium aluminium phosphate are suitable for read-across to other aluminium phosphates.

(1)TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR ALUMINUM.U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, September 2008.
(2)Peter CP, D. Burek J and Van Zwieten MJ (1986) Spontaneous Nephropathies in Rats. Toxicologic Pathology. 14 (1): 91-100