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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 257-196-8 | CAS number: 51422-54-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 5.9 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- By inhalation
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 30
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 250 mg/m³
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 176 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- There are reliable experimental data on repeated exposure by inhalation. No route to route extrapolation is needed, but an adaptation of the inhalation human NOAEC to the experimental design was performed (see also discussion).
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Default value
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- Default value for time extrapolation from sub-acute to chronic study
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Allometric scaling is not necessary as no route to route extrapolation is applied and doses expressed as concentrations are assumed to be already scaled
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 1
- Justification:
- No evidence for other interspecies differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- The default value for "worker" is used
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The quality of the whole data base is considered to be sufficient and reliable (GLP Guideline study)
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- Toxicodynamic differences between humans and rats are not assumed. Therefore the assessment factor for remaining differences is set to 1
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
- DNEL extrapolated from long term DNEL
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 4.8 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- By inhalation
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 30
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 145 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- No repeated dose toxicity study with dermal application is available. Therefore an inhalation-to-dermal extrapolation is done.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Default value
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- Default value for time extrapolation from sub-acute to chronic study
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Allometric scaling is not necessary as those differences are already applied during route-to-route extrapolation.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 1
- Justification:
- No evidence for other interspecies differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- The default value for "worker" is used
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The quality of the whole data base is considered to be sufficient and reliable (GLP Guideline study)
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- Toxicodynamic differences between humans and rats are not assumed. Therefore the assessment factor for remaining differences is set to 1
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Additional information - workers
Occupational exposure to the test substance occurs mainly by dermal as well as inhalation exposure. Therefore two long-term DNELs are calculated for workers.
Inhalation long-term exposure – systemic effects:
The systemic NOAEC from a combined repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction / developmental toxicity screening test in rats via inhalation conducted according to OECD 422 (BASF SE 2015) was identified as the appropriate starting point for a systemic DNEL derivation for long-term exposure following inhalation. The NOAEC for general, systemic toxicity of the test substance was 250 mg/m³/d for rats which was the mid dose tested.
This point of departure was modified to get the corrected starting point for DNEL derivation as recommended in the "Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R.8, v 2.1, Nov. 2012":
The inhalation rat NOAEC was converted into the corrected inhalation human NOAEC:
No difference in bioavailability between humans and rats are assumed, same route of exposure.
- Differences in exposure conditions (6 h/day in rat inhalation study versus occupational exposure 8 h/day): factor 6/8 = 0.75
- Differences in exposure conditions (7 d/week in rat inhalation study versus weekly occupational exposure 5 d/week): factor 7/5 = 1.4
- Differences in respiratory volumes between experimental animals (at rest) and humans (light activity): respiratory volume in humans during 8 h at rest is 6.7 m³ versus 10 m³ for 8 h at light activity in workers; factor 6.7/10 = 0.67
NOAEC x 0.75 x 1.4 x 0.67 = 250 mg/m³ x 0.7035 = 176 mg/m³
The resulting corrected starting point for inhalation DNEL derivation for workers is equal to 176 mg/m³/d.
Afterwards, the assessment factors were applied according to the "Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment", Chapter R.8, v 2.1, Nov. 2012.
Dermal long-term exposure – systemic effects:
The systemic NOAEC from a combined repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction / developmental toxicity screening test in rats via inhalation conducted according to OECD 422 (BASF SE 2015) was identified as the appropriate starting point for a systemic DNEL derivation for long-term exposure following inhalation. The NOAEC for general, systemic toxicity of the test substance was 250 mg/m³/d for rats which was the mid dose tested.
This point of departure was modified to get the corrected starting point for DNEL derivation as recommended in the "Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R.8, v 2.1, Nov. 2012":
The inhalation rat NOAEC was converted into the dermal human NOAEL, which was calculated using the default respiratory volume reflecting the daily exposure period of the rats during the study (6 h). The double absorption rate was assumed for the inhalation (rat) compared to the dermal route (human) in the following approach.
NOAEL (dermal-rat) = NOAEC x (sRVrat) x (ABSinhal-rat/ABSdermal-human)= 250 mg/m³ x (0.29 m³/kg bw/d) x (2/1) = 145 mg/kg bw/d
- Standard dose descriptor (NOAEC): 250 mg/m³
- Standard respiratory volume of the rat (sRVrat) for 6 hours: 0.29 m³/kg bw/d
- Inhalation absorption of the rat/dermal absorption of humans (ABSinhal-rat)/ABSdermal-human): 2/1
Afterwards, the assessment factors were applied according to the "Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment", Chapter R.8, v 2.1, Nov. 2012.
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Additional information - General Population
Not applicable; the test substance is only used in industrial settings.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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