1,4-diamino-2,3-dichloroanthraquinone

Genetic toxicity: in vitro

Administrative data

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

data from handbook or collection of data

Justification for type of information:

Data is from peer reviewed publication

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

publication

Title:

Mutagenicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and quinones on Salmonella typhimurium TA97

Author:

Miyuki Sakai, Daisuke Yoshida and Shigenobu Mizusaki

Year:

1985

Bibliographic source:

Mutation Research, 156 (1985) 61-67

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Gene mutation toxicity study was performed to determine the mutagenic nature of Naphthoquinone

GLP compliance:

not specified

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

1,4-Naphthoquinone

Cas Number:

130-15-4

Molecular formula:

C10H6O2

IUPAC Name:

1,4-Naphthoquinone

Details on test material:

- Name of test material: Naphthoquinone
- IUPAC name: 1,4-Naphthoquinone
- Molecular formula: C10H6O2
- Molecular weight: 158.155 g/mol
- Substance type: Organic
- Physical state: No data
- Purity: No data
- Impurities (identity and concentrations): No data

Specific details on test material used for the study:

- Name of test material: Naphthoquinone
- IUPAC name: 1,4-Naphthoquinone
- Molecular formula: C10H6O2
- Molecular weight: 158.155 g/mol
- Substance type: Organic
- Physical state: No data
- Purity: No data
- Impurities (identity and concentrations): No data

Method

Target gene:

Histidine

Species / strain

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium, other: TA97, TA98, TA100

Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):

Not applicable

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

not specified

Cytokinesis block (if used):

No data

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

PCB-induced rat liver S9 fraction

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

0, 5, 10, 50 or 250 µg/plate

Vehicle / solvent:

- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: DMSO
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: The chemical was soluble in DMSO

Controls

Untreated negative controls:

not specified

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

True negative controls:

not specified

Positive controls:

not specified

Positive control substance:

not specified

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION: in agar (plate incorporation)

DURATION
- Preincubation period: No data
- Exposure duration: 2 days (48 hrs)
- Expression time (cells in growth medium): 2 days (48 hrs)
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent): No data
- Fixation time (start of exposure up to fixation or harvest of cells): No data

SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays): No data
SPINDLE INHIBITOR (cytogenetic assays): No data
STAIN (for cytogenetic assays): No data

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: Duplicate

NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED: No data

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: mitotic index; cloning efficiency; relative total growth; other: Yes, cell growth was noted

OTHER EXAMINATIONS:
- Determination of polyploidy: No data
- Determination of endoreplication: No data
- Other: No data

Rationale for test conditions:

No data

Evaluation criteria:

The plates were observed for a dose dependent increase in the number of revertants/plate

Statistics:

No data

Results and discussion

Test results

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium, other: TA97, TA98, TA100

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Remarks:

Toxicity was noted at dose levels of 50 and 250 µg/plate

Vehicle controls validity:

not specified

Untreated negative controls validity:

not specified

Positive controls validity:

not specified

Additional information on results:

No data

Remarks on result:

other: No mutagenic potential

Any other information on results incl. tables

Table: Mutagenic activity on naphthoquinone

Dose	His+ revertants
	TA97		TA98		TA100
	+S9	-S9	+S9	-S9	+S9	-S9
250	T	T	T	T	T	T
50	169	T	28	T	149	T
10	251	209	43	39	144	161
5	170	287	28	28	115	122
0	210	177	34	32	120	115

T: toxic

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

Naphthoquinone did not induce reversion of histidine gene mutation in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97, TA98, TA100 both in the presence and absence of PCB induced rat liver S9 fraction and hence is not likely to classify as a gene mutant in vitro.

Executive summary:

Gene mutation toxicity study was performed to determine the mutagenic nature of Naphthoquinone. The study was performed using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97, TA98, TA100 with and without PCB induced S9 metabolic activation system. The test chemical was dissolved in DMSO and used at dose levels of 0, 5, 10, 50 or 250 µg/plate. The plates were incubated for 48 hrs and the number of dose dependent increase in the revertants was counted. Naphthoquinone did to induce reversion of histidine gene mutation in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97, TA98, TA100 both in the presence and absence of PCB induced rat liver S9 fraction and hence is not likely to classify as a gene mutant in vitro.