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The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 221-329-8 | CAS number: 3068-78-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 16.5 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 75
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 500 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 1 234.2 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
NOAECcorr = NOAELoral*(1/0.38 m³/kg bw/day)*(ABSoral-rat/ABSinh-human)*(6.7 m³ (8h)/10 m³(8h))*(7 days exposure rats/5 days exposure worker) = 500 mg/kg bw/day*(1/0.38 m³/kg bw/day)*(1/1)*0.67*1.4 = 1234.2 mg/m³. In contrast to the recommendations of the ECHA Guidance, a factor of 1 (equal absorption of 100% assumed for the oral and the inhalative route for animals and humans) was included for the extrapolation from oral to inhalation absorption, as there is no valid data suggesting that inhalation leads to higher absorption than oral ingestion (recommendation of the VCI Working group "Toxicology", 2008). Molecules with a molecular weight <500 and a log Kow between 0 and 4 can be assumed to be well absorbed equivalently by the oral and inhalation route. Oral absorption may be reduced for acids and bases depending on their pKa value and their electric charge in the GI tract. More lipophilic substances may be better absorbed in the GI tract due to solubilisation with bile acids, and thus oral absorption may be higher than inhalation absorption (VCI Working group "Toxicology", 2008). Unless valid data suggest that inhalation leads to higher absorption than oral ingestion, equal absorption will be assumed when extrapolating from oral to inhalation route. ABSoral-rat=oral absorption rate in rats, ABSinh-human=inhalation absorption rate in humans.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose descriptor starting point is based on a NOAEL
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- The DNEL is based on a subacute study
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- AF not used for inhalation route
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default AF
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Default AF for workers
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- DNEL is based on a high quality study
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No remaining uncertainties
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- low hazard (no threshold derived)
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
- Route of original study:
- By inhalation
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown but no further hazard information necessary as no exposure expected
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- low hazard (no threshold derived)
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 2.33 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 300
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 500 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 700 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
NOAELcorr = NOAELoral*(ABSoral-rat/ABSdermal-human)*(7 days exposure rats/5 days exposure worker) = (500 mg/kg bw/day)*(1/1)*1.4 = 700 mg/kg bw/day.
It is assumed that the dermal absorption rate is 100% of that of the oral absorption according to ECHA CSA Guidance Chapter R.7c Figure R.7.12-5. ABSoral-rat=oral absorption rate in rats, ABSdermal-human=dermal absorption rate in humans.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose descriptor starting point is based on a NOAEL.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- The DNEL is based on a subacute study.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Default AF
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default AF
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Default AF for workers
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The DNEL is absed on a high quality study.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No remaining uncertainties
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown but no further hazard information necessary as no exposure expected
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Dermal
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- sensitisation (skin)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - workers
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 2.9 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 150
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 500 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 434.78 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
NOAECcorr = NOAELoral*(1/1.15 m³/kg bw/day (24h))*(ABSoral-rat/ABSinh-human) = 500 mg/kg bw/day*(1/1.15 m³/kg bw/day)*(1/1) =434.78 mg/m³.
In contrast to the recommendations of the ECHA Guidance, a factor of 1 (equal absorption of 100% assumed for the oral and the inhalative route for animals and humans) was included for the extrapolation from oral to inhalation absorption, as there is no valid data suggesting that inhalation leads to higher absorption than oral ingestion (recommendation of the VCI Working group "Toxicology", 2008). Molecules with a molecular weight <500 and a log Kow between 0 and 4 can be assumed to be well absorbed equivalently by the oral and inhalation route. Oral absorption may be reduced for acids and bases depending on their pKa value and their electric charge in the GI tract. More lipophilic substances may be better absorbed in the GI tract due to solubilisation with bile acids, and thus oral absorption may be higher than inhalation absorption (VCI Working group "Toxicology", 2008). Unless valid data suggest that inhalation leads to higher absorption than oral ingestion, equal absorption will be assumed when extrapolating from oral to inhalation route.ABSoral-rat=oral absorption rate in rats, ABSinh-human=inhalation absorption rate in humans.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose descriptor starting point is based on a NOAEL.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- The DNEL is based on a subacute study.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- AF not used for inhalation route
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default AF
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default AF for general population
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- DNEL is based on a high-quality study
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No remaining uncertainties
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- low hazard (no threshold derived)
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
- Route of original study:
- By inhalation
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown but no further hazard information necessary as no exposure expected
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- low hazard (no threshold derived)
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.83 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 600
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 500 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 500 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
NOAELcorr = NOAELoral*(ABSoral-rat/ABSdermal-human) = (500 mg/kg bw/day)*(1/1) = 500 mg/kg bw/day.
It is assumed that the dermal absorption rate is 100% of that of the oral absorption according to ECHA CSA Guidance Chapter R.7c Figure R.7.12-5. ABSoral-rat=oral absorption rate in rats, ABSdermal-human=dermal absorption rate in humans
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose descriptor starting point is based on a NOAEL
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- The DNEL is based on a subacute study.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Default AF for rats
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default AF
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default AF for general population
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- DNEL is based on a high-quality study
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No remaining uncertainties
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown but no further hazard information necessary as no exposure expected
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Dermal
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- sensitisation (skin)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.83 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 600
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 500 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 500 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- No route-to-route extrapolation necessary.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose descriptor starting point is based on a NOAEL
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- The DNEL is based on a subacute study.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Default AF for rats
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default AF
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default AF for general population
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- DNEL is based on a high-quality study
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No remaining uncertainties
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - General Population
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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