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EC number: 217-588-1 | CAS number: 1897-45-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to soil macroorganisms except arthropods
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to soil macroorganisms except arthropods: long-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 18 Apr 2001 to 15 Aug 2001
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- ISO 11268-2 (Effects of Pollutants on Earthworms. 2. Determination of Effects on Reproduction)
- Version / remarks:
- 1998
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 207 (Earthworm, Acute Toxicity Tests)
- Version / remarks:
- 1984
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Remarks:
- acetone
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- An amount of the test item sufficient to prepare a stock solution was dissolved in acetone. Aliquots of this stock solution were further diluted with acetone to produce the other required dosage solutions of the test item. An appropriate amount of the stock or other dosage solution was used to soak a portion of the quartz sand of the artificial soil. After evaporation of the solvent by placing under a fume hood, the quartz sand was thus coated by the test item. The test item coated fraction of the quartz sand was than incorporated into the remainder of the artificial soil by thoroughly mixing it in for approximately 10 minutes, as described in the guideline (ISO 1998). This procedure was done for each test vessel individually.
Each mixture was stirred for 10 minutes. 12.5 mL of each mixture was applied onto 50 g quartz sand for each replicate vessel individually; for the solvent control 12.5 mL acetone was applied onto 50 g quartz sand. After evaporation, each 50 g of treated sand was mixed into the prepared test soil to give a total dry weight equivalent of 500 g soil for the replicate. - Test organisms (species):
- Eisenia andrei
- Animal group:
- annelids
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Earthworms
- Age: The worms were at least two months, but not older than one year old, however the age of individuals did not differ by more than four weeks. Animals fulfilling these requirements were bred in a special synchronisation culture.
- Selection criteria: Only adult worms (with clitellum) with a fresh weight (FW) between 300 and 600 mg were used.
CULTURING
The earthworms were kept at supplier's 1987 until Feb. 1994. Since February, 1994 the worms are kept at at the test facility.
- Artificial soil properties: The earthworms were bred in a mixture of artificial soil and food (1 - 30 vol. %). Details on the artificial soil are given in 'Details on test conditions'.
- Temperature: 15 - 30 °C
- Light cycle: Permanent dark
- Feeding: According to demand; usually once per week.
ACCLIMATION
The worms selected for the test were acclimatised in artificial soil under test conditions for at least 24 hours before starting the test. - Study type:
- laboratory study
- Substrate type:
- artificial soil
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 56 d
- Test temperature:
- 20- 22 °C
- pH:
- - pH at test initiation: 6.0
- pH at test termination: 5.3 - 5.4 - Moisture:
- 44.8 - 51.4 % of the dry weight
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test container: Bellaplast container: Area 11 cm x 15.5 cm, height 6 cm, transparent cover
- Amount of soil or substrate: 500 g
- No. of organisms per container: 10
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 4
- No. of replicates per control: 4
- No. of replicates per vehicle control: 4
- Feeding: finely ground com meal, stinging nettle and bran powder
ARTIFICIAL SOIL PROPERTIES
The artificial soil was composed as follows (the percentages refer to the dry weight):
- 10% Sphagnum peat (no visible plant remains; finely ground and air-dried)
- 20% Kaolin-Clay (kaolinite content > 30%)
- 68 - 69% Quartz sand (fine sand content with particles between 50 and 200 microns higher than 50%)
- ca. 1% Calcium carbonate (CaC03)
The air dried peat was shredded in a chaff-cutter. Afterwards, all parts of the artificial soil were mixed until homogeneous. The moisture was adjusted to 50 ± 10% of dry weight using deionised water. The pH value was adjusted to 6 ± 0.5 using calcium carbonate. Food of a good quality shown to be suitable for at least maintaining worm weight during the test was used (e g. finely ground com meal, stinging nettle and bran powder). The amount of food in the breeding substrate was approximately 5 %.
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 16:8 h
- Light intensity: 400- 800 lx
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: mortality, biomass development, behavioural changes, reproduction
- Mortality: Adult mortality was assessed at 28 days after treatment. Worms were classified as dead when they did not respond to a gentle mechanical stimulus to the front end.
- Biomass development: The adult worms were weighed individually as follows. The artificial soil of an acclimatisation container or of each test container was put on a steel tray. The worms were carefully removed from the soil and transferred into a dish with reconstituted water to remove soil particles. After a short period of time (less than 10 min) they were laid on a piece of tissue paper to remove the water drops. Thereafter the worms were weighed individually (day 0 and day 28).
- Behaviour and morphology changes: Changes in the behaviour (e g. food consumed) and the morphology of the adult worms were recorded at 28 days. Additionally, the presence of cocoons was determined by classifying their occurrence in a "yes/no" manner. Both examinations were done when the artificial soil of a test vessel was thinly spread out on a steel tray.
- Number of juveniles: Number of juvenile earthworms: The juvenile worms were extracted from the soil after 56 days by keeping the test container in a warm water bath (50 - 60 °C) for at least 20 minutes. The worms were collected from the soil surface and counted. After the extraction, the substrate of one randomly collected test container per concentration was examined for remaining juveniles to assess the extraction efficiency.
VEHICLE CONTROL PERFORMED: yes - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- - Nominal test concentrations: Blank control, solvent control, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 mg a.i./kg.
- Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- Benomyl was tested in a separate study
- Key result
- Duration:
- 56 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 50 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Details on results:
- - Mortality: Only 2.5% mortality was observed in the control and no mortality with the solvent control and all concentrations of the test item tested. Therefore, no statistical analysis was carried out and the LC50 value could not be calculated.
- Adult biomass: The Cochran's test confirmed the homogeneity of the data. The ANOVA and the DunnettTest showed no significant difference (p 0.05) in the biomass of the adult worms between the control and all concentrations of the test item tested at day 28. The mean percentage of initial weight at Day 28 were determined to be 90.1, 88.8, 88.0, 94.5, 90.7, 89.9 and 88.3% for the blank control, solvent control, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 mg a.i./kg treatments, respectively The results are tabulated in Table 1 in 'Any other information on materials and methods incl. tables.'
- Reproduction: The Cochran’s test confirmed the homogeneity of the data. The ANOVA and the Dunnett’s test (2-sided, p 0.05) showed no significant difference in the number of juveniles between the control and all concentrations of the test item tested. Therefore, the NOEC was considered to be 50 mg a.i./kg (the highest concentration tested). The results are tabulated in Table 2 in 'Any other information on materials and methods incl. tables.'
- Food consumption: Most of the food was consumed by the worms in all treatments. In those cases where food was not consumed totally when checking the feeding rate, the newly given amount was reduced on demand. No correlation between a decrease in food consumption and chemical concentration was observed. No other effects on behaviour or morphology of the adult earthworms were observed. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- In the test with the reference item benomyl, a significant reduction was found at the concentrations of 3 and 5 mg a.i./kg. Therefore, the NOEC was derived to be 1.0 mg a.i./kg. The observed effect is within the expected range from literature (ISO 1998). The effects of benomyl confirm suitable sensitivity of the test system.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The U-test according to Mann-Whitney was used to compare the solvent control with the water control with respect to the biomass and the reproduction. Cochran's-test was used to confirm homogeneity (p 0.05). A One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by a Dunnett’s test (2-sided, p 0.05) was used to determine whether or not there were significant differences in the mean loss/increase in biomass of the adult worms (measured as change between the weight at day 0 and day 28 for each concentration) between each concentration and the control. The same method was used to calculate whether there were significant differences between the number of juveniles in the controls and in the treated vessels at day 56. Based on the results of these ANOVA calculations and taking into consideration the behavioural and morphological effects, the NOEC (= No Observed Effect Concentration) was determined. The statistical software package SPSS 7.5 was used for these calculations.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- See 'Any other information on materials and methods incl. tables'
- Conclusions:
- The 56-d NOEC was determined to be 50 mg/kg soil dw (highest concentration tested).
- Executive summary:
Reproduction and chronic toxicity of the test substance (purity 98.7%) was tested on the earthworm Eisenia andrei according to the ISO 11268-2 Part 2 (1998) and in compliance with GLP. Worms of unknown age but with clitellum (between 2 months and one year) and of the same age group were obtained from a laboratory culture. Weights of the worms varied between 300 and 600 mg. Worms were acclimatized for at least 24 hours before start of the test. The five test concentrations were 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 mg/kg dw of artificial soil (10% peat, 20% kaolin clay, 68 - 69% quartz sand and ca. 1% calcium carbonate). Moisture of the artificial soil was readjusted to 50 ± 10% of dry weight. Acetone was used as a solvent. Soil was moistened at weekly term. Tests were performed under a 16:8 light/dark cycle (400-800 Lux). There were four replicates per concentration, each replicate contained 10 worms. A water treated control was included in the tests. Benomyl was used as the toxic reference. Test parameters were mortality (assessed at 28 days after application), biomass development (day 0 and 28), behaviour or morphology and reproduction (after 56 days).
Adult mortality was 2.5% in the control and no mortality was observed at any of the tested concentrations and in the solvent control. With ANOVA and the Dunnett’s-Test, no significant differences in the biomass nor reproduction were observed between the control and the five concentrations of the test substance. The NOEC for biomass and reproduction was determined by the author at 50 mg/kg. There were no effects on morphology, food consumption and behaviour. The effects of Benomyl confirmed the sensitivity of the test system.
Reference
Table 1: The biomass (mg) of the adult earthworms determined at the beginning and after 28 days of the test. All concentrations are given mg a.i./kg.
Day |
Parameter |
Control |
Solvent Control |
2 mg a.i./kg |
5 mg a.i./kg |
10 mg a.i./kg |
20 mg a.i./kg |
50 mg a.i./kg |
|||||||||||||||||||||
1 |
Weight |
458 |
385 |
300 |
471 |
512 |
479 |
414 |
544 |
449 |
422 |
491 |
381 |
582 |
321 |
385 |
432 |
462 |
499 |
544 |
425 |
358 |
389 |
310 |
410 |
441 |
412 |
459 |
300 |
561 |
475 |
385 |
463 |
414 |
570 |
448 |
355 |
367 |
488 |
403 |
441 |
496 |
400 |
381 |
347 |
544 |
400 |
436 |
367 |
476 |
580 |
563 |
414 |
504 |
405 |
444 |
413 |
||
504 |
516 |
565 |
382 |
444 |
511 |
396 |
397 |
461 |
412 |
429 |
451 |
447 |
337 |
410 |
384 |
443 |
449 |
387 |
354 |
457 |
582 |
501 |
300 |
441 |
536 |
428 |
414 |
||
366 |
378 |
380 |
378 |
489 |
370 |
300 |
433 |
430 |
582 |
354 |
315 |
414 |
565 |
325 |
318 |
390 |
307 |
346 |
489 |
461 |
400 |
483 |
424 |
326 |
445 |
340 |
379 |
||
554 |
390 |
425 |
320 |
434 |
461 |
511 |
389 |
422 |
360 |
365 |
444 |
364 |
464 |
577 |
356 |
491 |
549 |
382 |
375 |
538 |
508 |
417 |
370 |
368 |
424 |
382 |
342 |
||
441 |
488 |
403 |
502 |
540 |
394 |
310 |
450 |
547 |
390 |
552 |
395 |
417 |
357 |
354 |
316 |
362 |
479 |
418 |
345 |
440 |
493 |
440 |
480 |
554 |
402 |
501 |
396 |
||
423 |
467 |
529 |
388 |
406 |
402 |
518 |
323 |
302 |
388 |
446 |
388 |
381 |
465 |
383 |
300 |
397 |
320 |
522 |
393 |
418 |
339 |
334 |
468 |
532 |
536 |
589 |
300 |
||
362 |
523 |
503 |
323 |
514 |
472 |
588 |
584 |
480 |
442 |
300 |
497 |
477 |
399 |
536 |
412 |
442 |
557 |
437 |
411 |
556 |
337 |
365 |
404 |
494 |
377 |
354 |
529 |
||
500 |
409 |
430 |
413 |
556 |
357 |
442 |
382 |
418 |
500 |
473 |
446 |
461 |
600 |
530 |
405 |
412 |
572 |
357 |
429 |
418 |
355 |
390 |
476 |
329 |
406 |
385 |
383 |
||
340 |
356 |
442 |
574 |
413 |
418 |
364 |
391 |
600 |
460 |
473 |
405 |
455 |
545 |
402 |
386 |
593 |
333 |
495 |
442 |
445 |
426 |
452 |
380 |
493 |
481 |
504 |
342 |
||
Number |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
|
Average |
450.9 |
438.7 |
436.2 |
421.4 |
472.2 |
443.4 |
429.1 |
424.8 |
447.6 |
444.4 |
428.6 |
416.3 |
449.4 |
445.3 |
428.3 |
365.6 |
453.6 |
446.5 |
432.4 |
403 |
456.7 |
440.9 |
425.5 |
412.6 |
448.2 |
442.4 |
438.6 |
379.8 |
|
SD |
79.1 |
61.7 |
78.4 |
80.7 |
56.5 |
67.2 |
92.4 |
82.0 |
84.2 |
65.8 |
74.7 |
50.4 |
62.3 |
98.9 |
86.6 |
45.1 |
72.0 |
101.5 |
68.6 |
44.8 |
57.7 |
94.1 |
78.5 |
55.2 |
82.4 |
56.7 |
77.7 |
67.0 |
28 |
Weight |
508 |
354 |
393 |
408 |
329 |
372 |
465 |
377 |
275 |
409 |
459 |
468 |
308 |
390 |
433 |
307 |
342 |
396 |
361 |
454 |
429 |
426 |
373 |
495 |
329 |
407 |
425 |
334 |
363 |
562 |
311 |
376 |
271 |
423 |
384 |
384 |
450 |
492 |
442 |
468 |
363 |
504 |
504 |
339 |
380 |
430 |
453 |
379 |
376 |
257 |
323 |
413 |
405 |
291 |
482 |
337 |
||
402 |
351 |
476 |
348 |
456 |
381 |
394 |
491 |
551 |
404 |
383 |
437 |
344 |
358 |
330 |
396 |
375 |
402 |
401 |
429 |
472 |
537 |
451 |
321 |
307 |
502 |
517 |
316 |
||
391 |
393 |
323 |
386 |
557 |
395 |
234 |
425 |
497 |
368 |
316 |
361 |
466 |
390 |
453 |
384 |
440 |
387 |
418 |
344 |
470 |
324 |
427 |
491 |
427 |
386 |
443 |
272 |
||
428 |
338 |
445 |
484 |
437 |
357 |
366 |
411 |
541 |
271 |
404 |
324 |
392 |
490 |
350 |
382 |
512 |
464 |
334 |
333 |
414 |
378 |
423 |
385 |
476 |
450 |
319 |
246 |
||
472 |
441 |
379 |
422 |
469 |
443 |
320 |
304 |
304 |
341 |
306 |
372 |
455 |
487 |
381 |
379 |
313 |
371 |
429 |
566 |
330 |
355 |
412 |
300 |
380 |
403 |
344 |
291 |
||
371 |
386 |
425 |
358 |
423 |
302 |
525 |
405 |
238 |
319 |
374 |
293 |
302 |
334 |
433 |
486 |
333 |
401 |
388 |
388 |
347 |
298 |
404 |
403 |
450 |
365 |
371 |
291 |
||
445 |
304 |
344 |
316 |
428 |
404 |
355 |
373 |
309 |
298 |
370 |
281 |
534 |
465 |
408 |
386 |
458 |
399 |
375 |
286 |
361 |
438 |
374 |
361 |
361 |
381 |
355 |
350 |
||
400 |
374 |
367 |
400 |
534 |
367 |
327 |
410 |
378 |
374 |
324 |
324 |
425 |
363 |
478 |
272 |
518 |
356 |
385 |
406 |
346 |
344 |
333 |
430 |
278 |
392 |
407 |
571 |
||
421 |
385 |
|
309 |
360 |
362 |
501 |
200 |
369 |
513 |
355 |
519 |
305 |
415 |
433 |
325 |
459 |
222 |
324 |
327 |
362 |
410 |
441 |
363 |
355 |
383 |
296 |
401 |
||
Number |
10 |
10 |
9 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
Average |
420.1 |
388.8 |
384.8 |
380.7 |
426.4 |
380.6 |
387.1 |
378 |
391.2 |
378.9 |
373.3 |
384.7 |
389.4 |
419.6 |
420.3 |
365.6 |
413 |
382.8 |
386.8 |
391.2 |
390.7 |
376.7 |
396.1 |
396.2 |
376.8 |
396 |
395.9 |
340.9 |
|
SD |
45.2 |
71.0 |
55.8 |
52.1 |
87.9 |
39.1 |
88.9 |
78.2 |
112.9 |
78.6 |
51.3 |
82.9 |
79.2 |
62.2 |
54.4 |
58.9 |
74.3 |
63.8 |
40.7 |
79.7 |
52.1 |
80.2 |
43.9 |
64.6 |
63.4 |
54.6 |
71.6 |
91.9 |
Table 2: Number of offspring after 56 days
Treatment |
Replicate |
Number of Juveniles |
Number of Juveniles per Treatment (mean ± sd) |
Percentage of Control |
Control |
A |
28 |
45.5 ± 12.2 |
100 |
Control |
B |
50 |
||
Control |
C |
48 |
||
Control |
D |
56 |
||
Solvent Control |
A |
63 |
46.3 ± 14.9 |
101.6 |
Solvent Control |
B |
53 |
||
Solvent Control |
C |
29 |
||
Solvent Control |
D |
40 |
||
2 mg a.i./kg |
A |
51 |
55.5 ± 17.4 |
122 |
2 mg a.i./kg |
B |
66 |
||
2 mg a.i./kg |
C |
72 |
||
2 mg a.i./kg |
D |
33 |
||
5 mg a.i./kg |
A |
45 |
35.3 ± 9.6 |
77.5 |
5 mg a.i./kg |
B |
37 |
||
5 mg a.i./kg |
C |
22 |
||
5 mg a.i./kg |
D |
37 |
||
10 mg a.i./kg |
A |
53 |
56.0 ± 10.8 |
123.1 |
10 mg a.i./kg |
B |
49 |
||
10 mg a.i./kg |
C |
72 |
||
10 mg a.i./kg |
D |
50 |
||
20 mg a.i./kg |
A |
45 |
47.5 ± 20.0 |
104.4 |
20 mg a.i./kg |
B |
75 |
||
20 mg a.i./kg |
C |
27 |
||
20 mg a.i./kg |
D |
43 |
||
50 mg a.i./kg |
A |
32 |
34.0 ± 10.4 |
74.7 |
50 mg a.i./kg |
B |
25 |
||
50 mg a.i./kg |
C |
30 |
||
50 mg a.i./kg |
D |
49 |
Description of key information
56-d NOEC = 50 mg/kg soil dw based on reproduction, Eisenia andrei, ISO 11268-2 (Part 2), Moser 2001
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Long-term EC10, LC10 or NOEC for soil macroorganisms:
- 50 mg/kg soil dw
Additional information
Reproduction and chronic toxicity of the test substance (purity 98.7%) was tested on the earthworm Eisenia andrei according to the ISO 11268-2 Part 2 (1998). Worms of unknown age but with clitellum (between 2 months and one year) and of the same age group were obtained from a laboratory culture. Weights of the worms varied between 300 and 600 mg. Worms were acclimatized for at least 24 hours before start of the test. The five test concentrations were 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 mg/kg dw of artificial soil (10% peat, 20% kaolin clay, 68 - 69% quartz sand and ca. 1% calcium carbonate). Moisture of the artificial soil was readjusted to 50 ± 10% of dry weight. Acetone was used as a solvent. Soil was moistened at weekly term. Tests were performed under a 16:8 light/dark cycle (400 - 800 Lux). There were four replicates per concentration, each replicate contained 10 worms. A water treated control was included in the tests. Benomyl was used as the toxic reference. Test parameters were mortality (assessed at 28 days after application), biomass development (day 0 and 28), behaviour or morphology and reproduction (after 56 days).
Adult mortality was 2.5% in the control and no mortality was observed at any of the tested concentrations and in the solvent control. With ANOVA and the Dunnett’s-Test, no significant differences in the biomass nor reproduction were observed between the control and the five concentrations of the test substance. The NOEC for biomass and reproduction was determined by the author at 50 mg/kg. There were no effects on morphology, food consumption and behaviour. The effects of Benomyl confirmed the sensitivity of the test system.
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