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EC number: 203-892-1 | CAS number: 111-65-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://poisoncentres.echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 24 Mar - 27 Apr 1989
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Comparable to guideline study.
- Justification for type of information:
- A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
Reference
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 24 Mar - 27 Apr 1989
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Comparable to guideline study.
- Justification for type of information:
- A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Species:
- rat
- Details on maternal toxic effects:
- Maternal toxic effects:yes
Details on maternal toxic effects:
There were no treatment related effects to mortality or pregnancy rates. In the 9000 ppm exposure group, there was a significant reduction in weight gain on GD 6-9, and GD 6-15, and slightly reduced on GD 9-12. In the 3000 ppm group, there was a significant reduction in weight gain on GD 9-12, but significantly increased on GD 18-21. Food consumption was significantly reduced in the 9000 ppm group on days 6-9, 9-12, 12-15, and 6-15. There were color changes in the lungs of females in the 9000 ppm group. These changes were also seen in one female each in the 0, 900 and 3000 ppm groups. The color changes in the 900 and 3000 ppm groups were not considered treatment related. There were no treatment related effects to gestational parameters. - Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Effect level:
- 10 560 mg/m³ air (nominal)
- Basis for effect level:
- other: maternal toxicity
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEC
- Effect level:
- 31 680 mg/m³ air (nominal)
- Basis for effect level:
- other: maternal toxicity
- Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
There were no treatment related effects to the development of fetuses. - Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Effect level:
- 31 680 mg/m³ air (nominal)
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: developmental toxicity
- Key result
- Abnormalities:
- not specified
- Key result
- Developmental effects observed:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- In rats, the maternal NOAEC was 3000 ppm, and the maternal LOAEC was 9000 ppm based on color changes in the lungs, reduced body weight gain, and reduced food consumption. The developmental NOAEC 9000 ppm in rats.
- Executive summary:
This data is being read across from the source study that tested commercial hexane based on analogue read across.
The purpose of this study was to examine the developmental toxicity of commercial hexane in rats. Groups of 25 pregnant female rats were exposed to concentrations of 0, 900, 3000, or 9000 ppm for 6 hrs/day during gestational days 6 -15. The animals were then sacrificed on GD 21. During the study, the animals were examined for clinical signs, mortality, food and water consumption, and body weights taken. After sacrifice, the internal organs were examined, and the uterus was examined for viable fetuses, number of resorptions, and number of corpora lutea. Fetuses were examined for malformations. Necropsy revealed color changes in the lungs of females in the 9000 ppm groups along with reduced body weight gain, and reduced food consumption. No treatment related abnormalities was seen in the fetuses. The maternal NOAEC in rats was 3000 ppm, and the LOAEC 9000 ppm based on lung color changes, reduced body weight gain, and reduced food consumption. The developmental NOAEC in rats was 9000 ppm.
Gestational Body Weight Changes (g)
0.0 ppm |
900.0 ppm |
3000.0 ppm |
9000.0 ppm |
|
Day 0-6 |
28.21 (11.819) |
31.55 (6.463) |
31.19 (9.344) |
29.36 (8.245) |
Day 6-9 |
11.55 (8.103) |
9.12 (6.009) |
11.18 (4.539) |
4.34 (6.029) |
Day 9-12 |
16.02 (5.296) |
16.31 (5.531) |
11.33 (8.446) |
12.65 (4.974) |
Day 12-15 |
17.03 (6.807) |
19.04 (4.473) |
21.84 (9.577) |
19.03 (6.453) |
Day 15-18 |
43.52 (9.483) |
41.27 (5.755) |
37.83 (16.192) |
44.11 (9.902) |
Day 18-21 |
51.61 (15.190) |
57.79 (8.681) |
63.34 (11.295) |
57.30 (12.247) |
Day 6-15 |
44.59 (12.727) |
44.47 (9.565) |
44.35 (9.870) |
36.02 (7.850) |
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 1 989
- Report date:
- 1989
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- commercial hexane
- IUPAC Name:
- commercial hexane
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): commercial hexane
- Composition of test material, percentage of components: 52.19% n-hexane
- Analytical purity: no data
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Breeding Laboratories, Kingston, NY
- Age at study initiation: 63 days males, 56 days females at arrival
- Weight at study initiation: 250-300 g male, 175-200 g females
- Housing: individually in stainless steel wire mesh cages, identified with ear tags
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Prolab Certified Rodent Food, ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): tap water, ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 2 weeks
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 63-74 degree F
- Humidity (%): 40-71
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 hrs light/12 hrs dark
IN-LIFE DATES: From: April 9, 1989 To: April 21, 1989
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- inhalation: vapour
- Type of inhalation exposure (if applicable):
- whole body
- Details on exposure:
- GENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE / CHAMBER DESCRIPTION
- Exposure apparatus: 4320 l glass and stainless steel chambers.
- Method of holding animals in test chamber: cages
- Source and rate of air: 1000 l/min
- Method of conditioning air: Test substance was metered from a piston pump into one or two heated glass evaporators with a temperature of 27-70 degree C. Conditioned air was passed through the evaporators, where it carried the vapor into the exposure chamber.
- Temperature, humidity: monitored every 30 minutes
- Air flow rate: 1000 l/min
- Air change rate: 20 min, 14 air changes per hour
- Treatment of exhaust air: filtration
TEST ATMOSPHERE
- Brief description of analytical method used: GC with flame ionization detection
- Samples taken from breathing zone: yes, 7 times per exposure - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- Samples were taken seven times per exposure period and analyzed with GC-FID. Distribution of test substance was evaluated by sampling five different areas of the exposure chamber.
- Details on mating procedure:
- - Impregnation procedure: cohoused
- If cohoused:
- M/F ratio per cage: 1/1
- Length of cohabitation: April 2, 1989-April 6, 1989
- Proof of pregnancy: vaginal plug referred to as day 0 - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- gestation day (GD) 6-15
- Frequency of treatment:
- 6 hrs/day
- Duration of test:
- GD 21
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 25 pregnant females per exposure group
- Control animals:
- yes
Examinations
- Maternal examinations:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: daily
- Cage side observations: mortality, clinical signs
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: GD 0, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21
FOOD CONSUMPTION: Yes
WATER CONSUMPTION: Yes
POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: Yes
- Sacrifice on gestation day # 21
- Organs examined: gravid uterus, ovaries, cervix, vagina, abdominal cavities, thoracic cavities, liver, kidneys
- Ovaries and uterine content:
- The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: Yes
Examinations included:
- Number of corpora lutea: Yes
- Number of early resorptions: Yes
- Number of late resorptions: Yes
- Other: live and dead fetuses - Fetal examinations:
- - External examinations: Yes: all per litter
- Soft tissue examinations: Yes: half per litter were examined for thoracic and abdominal visceral abnormalities
- Skeletal examinations: Yes: half per litter - Statistics:
- Quantitative continuous variables were compared by use of Levene's test for equal variance, analysis of variance, and t-tests with Bonferroni probabilities. Nonparametric data was evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Mann-Whitney U test. Indices were compared using Fisher's exact test. 0.05 was used as the criteria for statistical significance.
Results and discussion
Results: maternal animals
Maternal developmental toxicity
- Details on maternal toxic effects:
- Maternal toxic effects:yes
Details on maternal toxic effects:
There were no treatment related effects to mortality or pregnancy rates. In the 9000 ppm exposure group, there was a significant reduction in weight gain on GD 6-9, and GD 6-15, and slightly reduced on GD 9-12. In the 3000 ppm group, there was a significant reduction in weight gain on GD 9-12, but significantly increased on GD 18-21. Food consumption was significantly reduced in the 9000 ppm group on days 6-9, 9-12, 12-15, and 6-15. There were color changes in the lungs of females in the 9000 ppm group. These changes were also seen in one female each in the 0, 900 and 3000 ppm groups. The color changes in the 900 and 3000 ppm groups were not considered treatment related. There were no treatment related effects to gestational parameters.
Effect levels (maternal animals)
open allclose all
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Effect level:
- 10 560 mg/m³ air (nominal)
- Basis for effect level:
- other: maternal toxicity
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEC
- Effect level:
- 31 680 mg/m³ air (nominal)
- Basis for effect level:
- other: maternal toxicity
Results (fetuses)
- Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
There were no treatment related effects to the development of fetuses.
Effect levels (fetuses)
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Effect level:
- 31 680 mg/m³ air (nominal)
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: developmental toxicity
Fetal abnormalities
- Key result
- Abnormalities:
- not specified
Overall developmental toxicity
- Key result
- Developmental effects observed:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
Gestational Body Weight Changes (g)
0.0 ppm |
900.0 ppm |
3000.0 ppm |
9000.0 ppm |
|
Day 0-6 |
28.21 (11.819) |
31.55 (6.463) |
31.19 (9.344) |
29.36 (8.245) |
Day 6-9 |
11.55 (8.103) |
9.12 (6.009) |
11.18 (4.539) |
4.34 (6.029) |
Day 9-12 |
16.02 (5.296) |
16.31 (5.531) |
11.33 (8.446) |
12.65 (4.974) |
Day 12-15 |
17.03 (6.807) |
19.04 (4.473) |
21.84 (9.577) |
19.03 (6.453) |
Day 15-18 |
43.52 (9.483) |
41.27 (5.755) |
37.83 (16.192) |
44.11 (9.902) |
Day 18-21 |
51.61 (15.190) |
57.79 (8.681) |
63.34 (11.295) |
57.30 (12.247) |
Day 6-15 |
44.59 (12.727) |
44.47 (9.565) |
44.35 (9.870) |
36.02 (7.850) |
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- In rats, the maternal NOAEC was 3000 ppm, and the maternal LOAEC was 9000 ppm based on color changes in the lungs, reduced body weight gain, and reduced food consumption. The developmental NOAEC 9000 ppm in rats.
- Executive summary:
The purpose of this study was to examine the developmental toxicity of commercial hexane in rats. Groups of 25 pregnant female rats were exposed to concentrations of 0, 900, 3000, or 9000 ppm for 6 hrs/day during gestational days 6 -15. The animals were then sacrificed on GD 21. During the study, the animals were examined for clinical signs, mortality, food and water consumption, and body weights taken. After sacrifice, the internal organs were examined, and the uterus was examined for viable fetuses, number of resorptions, and number of corpora lutea. Fetuses were examined for malformations. Necropsy revealed color changes in the lungs of females in the 9000 ppm groups along with reduced body weight gain, and reduced food consumption. No treatment related abnormalities was seen in the fetuses. The maternal NOAEC in rats was 3000 ppm, and the LOAEC 9000 ppm based on lung color changes, reduced body weight gain, and reduced food consumption. The developmental NOAEC in rats was 9000 ppm.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
![ECHA](/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/echa_logo.png)