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EC number: 202-494-5 | CAS number: 96-26-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://poisoncentres.echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Toxic effect type:
- dose-dependent
Effects on fertility
Description of key information
No maternal or fetal toxicity has been observed in a developmental toxicity study in rats, treated orally with the test material up to the highest dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/day. In addition, no indication of any toxicity was observed in a subchronic oral toxicity study in rats. Histological examinations did not indicate toxic effects on reproductive organs of the test animals treated up to 1000 mg/kg bw/day for 90 days. The substance was shown to be neither genotoxic nor carcinogenic in rats after dermal treatment. In addition, the substance is physiologically available: Its phosphorylated form takes part in glycolysis, and it is an intermediate product of fructose metabolism.
The absence of any toxic effects suggests that at present there is no need for further information and/or testing on reproduction toxicity beyond those which are being applied already.
Effect on fertility: via oral route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Effects on developmental toxicity
Description of key information
The potential effects of the test material on embryo-foetal development were evaluated in a prenatal study in which pregnant rats received doses of 100, 300 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day by the oral route (gavage) during the sensitive period of organogenesis. As expected, no maternal toxic effects were observed up to the limit dose level of 1000 mg/kg bw/day. No teratogenic or embryotoxic effects were observed at any dose level. Accordingly, the NOELs for both maternal and developmental toxicity was 1000 mg/kg bw/day i.e. the highest dose tested in this study.
The study is of high quality, i.e. performed under GLP regulation and according to international accepted Guidelines (Klimisch Score 1).
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2007-01-22 to 2007-10-29
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- Version / remarks:
- adopted 22 Jan. 2001
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.31 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- Version / remarks:
- dated 29 April 2004
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPPTS 870.3700 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- Version / remarks:
- dated August 1998
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Japanese Guideline (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Test Data for Registration of Agricultural Chemicals, 12 Nohsan No. 8147, Teratology (2-1-18))
- Version / remarks:
- dated 24 Nov. 2000
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: RCC Ltd, Laboratory Animal Services, Fuellinsdorf, Switzerland
- Age at study initiation (pairing): 11 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: 192 - 232 g
- Fasting period before study: no
- Housing: individually in Makrolon cages (type-3) with wire mesh tops and standardized granulated softwood bedding
- Diet: pelleted standard Kliba Nafag 3433 ad libitum
- Water: tap-water ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 7 days prior to pairing
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature: 22 +/- 3°C
- Humidity: 30-70%
- Air changes: 10 - 15 per hr
- Photoperiod: 12 hrs dark / 12 hrs light
IN-LIFE DATES: From: 2007-01-22 To: 2007-06-11 - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- water
- Details on exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): water
- Concentration in vehicle: Group 1 (Control): 0 mg/mL
Group 2 (100 mg/kg bw/day): 10 mg/mL
Group 3 (300 mg/kg bw/day): 30 mg/mL
Group 4 (1000 mg/kg bw/day): 100 mg/mL
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 10 mL/kg bw
- Frequency of preparation: Daily
- Administration within 4 hours after preparation of dose formulations. - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- The analytical verification (identity, concentration, homogeneity, stability) was performed during the course of the study under GLP regulation.
Samples of dose formulations (top, middle, bottom) were taken from each group at 2 different treatment days. The test item concentrations were determined by HPLC coupled to an UV detector and quantified with the area under the peak.
The identity of the test item was confirmed. The test material concentration in all samples were found to be in the predefined acceptance range of +/-20% of the nominal content. The homogenous distribution of the test item in the dose formulations was demonstrated.
In conclusion, the results obtained during formulation analysis confirmed the correct preparation and storage of application formulations during the conduct of this study. - Details on mating procedure:
- After acclimatization, females were housed with sexually mature males (1:1) in special automatic mating cages, i.e. with synchronized timing to initiate the nightly mating period, until evidence of copulation was observed. This system reduced the variation in the copulation times of the different females. The females were removed and housed individually, if:
a) the daily vaginal smear was sperm positive or
b) a copulation plug was observed.
The day of mating was designated day 0 post coitum.
Male rats of the same source and strain were used for mating only. These male rats were in the possession of performing lab, and were not considered part of the test system. The fertility of these males had been proven and was continuously monitored. - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- once daily in the morning from day 6 through to day 20 post coitum (last treatment)
- Frequency of treatment:
- daily
- Duration of test:
- 20 days past coitum
- Dose / conc.:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 22 pregnant females per group (1 control and 3 dose groups)
- Control animals:
- yes
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: Dosages were based on the results of a 14-day GLP dose-range-finding study in rats (oral), where no adverse effects were observed.
- Rationale for animal assignment: Computer-generated random algorithm - Maternal examinations:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: twice daily
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: twice daily
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: daily from day 0 until day 21 post coitum
FOOD CONSUMPTION: Yes
- Food consumption was recorded on 3-day intervals: days 0-3, 3-6, 6-9, 9-12, 12-15, 15-18 and 18-21 post coitum for each animal
WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): No
POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: Yes
- Sacrifice on gestation day 21 post coitum
- Organs examined: all internal organs, with emphasis on the uterus, uterine contents, position of fetuses in the uterus and number of corpora lutea - Ovaries and uterine content:
- The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: Yes
Examinations included:
- Gravid uterus weight: Yes
- Number of corpora lutea: Yes
- Number of implantations: Yes
- Number of early resorptions: Yes
- Number of late resorptions: Yes
- Fetal examinations:
- - External examinations: Yes [all per litter ]
- Soft tissue examinations: Yes [half per litter ]
- Skeletal examinations: Yes [half per litter]
- Head examinations: Yes [half per litter ]
- Sex
- Weight - Statistics:
- The following statistical methods were used to analyze body weights, food consumption, reproduction and skeletal examination data:
- Means and standard deviations of various data were calculated and included in the report.
- If the variables could be assumed to follow a normal distribution, the Dunnett many-one t-test, based on a pooled variance estimate, was used for intergroup
comparisons (i.e. single treatment groups against the control group).
- The Steel test (many-one rank test) was applied when the data could not be assumed to follow a normal distribution.
- Fisher's Exact test for 2x2 tables was applied if the variables could be dichotomized without loss of information. - Indices:
- According to guideline
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No signs of discomfort or clinical symptoms from the treatment with the test item were observed.
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Description (incidence):
- All females survived until scheduled necropsy.
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Mean body weight and mean body weight gain were not affected by treatment with the test item.
Mean corrected body weight gain (corrected for the gravid uterus weight) was similar in all groups (14.4%, 14.2%, 14.6% and 13.4% in order of ascending dose level). - Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Mean food consumption was not affected by treatment with the test item in any group (-1.2%, -1.6% and -1.6% in groups 2, 3 and 4, respectively, compared to the control group).
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not examined
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- During macroscopic examination, no abnormal findings were noted.
- Neuropathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- not examined
- Number of abortions:
- no effects observed
- Pre- and post-implantation loss:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Post-implantation losses and the mean number of fetuses per dam were not affected by treatment with the test item at all dose levels.
In group 3, a statistically significant higher pre-implantation loss was noted, resulting in a statistically significant lower number of implantation sites. Since pre-implantation loss occurs before treatment start and in the absence of dose-dependency this difference was considered to be incidental. - Total litter losses by resorption:
- no effects observed
- Early or late resorptions:
- no effects observed
- Dead fetuses:
- no effects observed
- Changes in pregnancy duration:
- no effects observed
- Changes in number of pregnant:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
- Details on maternal toxic effects:
- Maternal toxic effects:no effects
Details on maternal toxic effects:
There was no difference in food consumption, mean body weight and corrected body weight gain between the test item groups and the control group. No macroscopic findings were noted during necropsy of the females. - Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEL
- Effect level:
- > 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks on result:
- not determinable due to absence of adverse toxic effects
- Key result
- Abnormalities:
- no effects observed
- Fetal body weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Mean fetal weights were not affected by treatment with the test item. Mean fetal weights were 4.8 g, 4.8 g, 5.0 g and 5.0 g in order of ascending dose level when calculated on a litter basis for male and female fetuses combined data. The statistically significantly higher values in groups 3 and 4 were considered to be incidental.
- Reduction in number of live offspring:
- no effects observed
- Changes in sex ratio:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No test item-related effects on sex ratio of fetuses were noted in any group.
In group 4, a statistically significantly higher percentage of male fetuses was noted (55.9% compared to 45.0% in the control group). Since this is related to a low percentage of males in the control group, this was considered to be incidental. - Changes in litter size and weights:
- no effects observed
- Changes in postnatal survival:
- not examined
- External malformations:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No test item-related abnormalities were noted during external examination of fetuses.
- Skeletal malformations:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- During skeletal examination of the fetuses, findings were noted in:
17 out of 134 examined fetuses (in 12 of 22 litters) in group 1
11 out of 136 examined fetuses (in 9 of 22 litters) in group 2
14 out of 129 examined fetuses (in 11 of 22 litters) in group 3
10 out of 130 examined fetuses (in 7 of 21 litters) in group 4.
No test item-related findings were noted. No abnormalities were found in any fetus in any group.
The type and frequencies of commonly noted variations were similar in nature for test item and control group and did not indicate any dose-dependency and were therefore considered not to be test item-related effects. - Visceral malformations:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- During visceral examination of fetuses, findings were noted in:
52 out of 144 examined fetuses (in 19 of 22 litters) in group 1
57 out of 149 examined fetuses (in 22 of 22 litters) in group 2
51 out of 136 examined fetuses (in 21 of 22 litters) in group 3
48 out of 140 examined fetuses (in 19 of 21 litters) in group 4.
No test item-related findings were noted.
Abnormalities were found in 1 (1 fetus), 2 (2 fetuses), 1 (1 fetuses) and 3 (3 fetuses) litters in order of ascending dose level, each fetus of which had one or more of the following abnormalities: situs inversus, diaphragm tendinous or muscular region locally severely thinned, renal pelvis and ureter severely dilated. One fetus in group 2 had multiple cardiovascular abnormalities, namely aortic arch dilated, pulmonary trunk narrow, interventricular septal defect
and azygos vein persisting into abdomen. Due to the isolated occurrence in individual fetuses these abnormalities were considered to be incidental.
The type and frequencies of commonly noted variations were similar in nature for test item and control group and did not indicate any dose-dependency and were therefore considered not to be test item-related effects. - Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
No test item-related malformations or abnormal findings were noted during external, visceral and skeletal/cartilage examination of the fetuses. - Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEL
- Effect level:
- > 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Remarks on result:
- not determinable due to absence of adverse toxic effects
- Key result
- Abnormalities:
- no effects observed
- Key result
- Developmental effects observed:
- no
- Treatment related:
- no
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of this study, the test material did not reveal any teratogenic potential in rats after oral administration up to and including 1000 mg/kg body weight/day.
- Executive summary:
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of the test item on pregnant female rats and embryo-fetal development when administered orally by gavage once daily to mated female rats from day 6 through to day 20 post coitum, inclusive. Each group consisted of 22 mated female rats. The test material was administered once daily at dose levels of:
Group 1: 0 mg/kg bw/day (vehicle control)
Group 2: 100 mg/kg bw/day
Group 3: 300 mg/kg bw/day
Group 4: 1000 mg/kg bw/day
A standard dose volume of 10 mL/kg body weight with a daily adjustment to the actual body weight was used. Control animals were dosed with the vehicle alone (Milli-Q-water). The correct preparation of the application formulations during this study was confirmed using a HPLC method. All females were sacrificed on day 21 post coitum and the fetuses were removed by Caesarean section. The following results were obtained:
MATERNAL DATA
General Tolerability
All females survived until scheduled necropsy. No signs of discomfort or clinical symptoms from the treatment with the test item were observed. No macroscopic findings were noted during necropsy of the females.
Food Consumption and Body Weights
Mean food consumption, mean body weight and corrected body weight gain (corrected for the gravid uterus weight) were not affected by treatment with the test item in any dose group.
Reproduction Data
Post-implantation losses and the mean number of fetuses per dam were not affected by treatment with the test item at all dose levels.
FETAL DATA
Body Weights and Sex Ratios
No test item-related effects on fetal body weights were noted. No test item-related effects on fetal sex ratios were noted in any dose group.
External Examination
During the external examination of the fetuses, no test item-related abnormal findings were noted.
Visceral Examination
No test item-related abnormalities were noted during the visceral examination of fetuses.
Skeletal and Cartilage Examination
No abnormalities, which were considered to be test item-related, were noted during examination of fetal skeleton and cartilages.
Conclusion
In order to detect effects on the pregnant female rat and on embryonic and fetal development, the test material was administered orally by gavage once daily from day 6 through to day 20 post coitum at the dose levels of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Treatment with the test item up to and including 1000 mg/kg bw/day resulted in no clinical findings and did not affect embryo-fetal development. Based on these results, the NOEL (No Observed Effect Level) for maternal and fetal organisms was considered to be 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Under the conditions described for this study, the test material did not reveal teratogenic potential up to and including 1000 mg/kg bw/day.
Reference
All females survived until scheduled necropsy. No signs of discomfort or clinical symptoms from the treatment with the test item were observed. There was no difference in food consumption, mean body weight and corrected body weight gain between the test item groups and the control group. No macroscopic findings were noted during necropsy of the females. Twenty-two out of twenty-two (22/22), 22/22, 22/22 and 21/22 females were pregnant in the control, 100 mg/kg/day, 300 mg/kg/day and 1000 mg/kg/day groups, respectively. Post-implantation losses and the mean number of fetuses per dam were not affected by treatment with the test item at all dose levels. No test-item related effects on fetal body weights and sex ratios were noted in any dose group. No test item-related malformations or abnormal findings were noted during external, visceral and skeletal/cartilage examination of the fetuses.
Effect on developmental toxicity: via oral route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Study duration:
- subacute
- Species:
- rat
- Quality of whole database:
- The study is of high quality (Klimisch Score 1)
Effect on developmental toxicity: via inhalation route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Effect on developmental toxicity: via dermal route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
The effects of the test material on pregnant female rats and embryo-fetal development was investigated when administered orally by gavage once daily to mated female rats from day 6 through to day 20 post coitum, inclusive. Each group consisted of 22 mated female rats. DHA was administered once daily at dose levels of 0, 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg bw/day. A standard dose volume of 10 mL/kg body weight with a daily adjustment to the actual body weight was used. Control animals were dosed with the vehicle distilled water alone. The correct preparation of the application formulations during this study was confirmed using a HPLC method. All females were sacrificed on day 21 post coitum and the fetuses were removed by Caesarean section. The following results were obtained:
All females survived until scheduled necropsy. No signs of discomfort or clinical symptoms from the treatment with the test item were observed. No macroscopic findings were noted during necropsy of the females.
Mean food consumption, mean body weight and corrected body weight gain (corrected for the gravid uterus weight) were not affected by treatment with the test item in any dose group.
Post-implantation losses and the mean number of fetuses per dam were not affected by treatment with the test item at all dose levels.
No test item-related effects on fetal body weights were noted. No test item-related effects on fetal sex ratios were noted in any dose group.
During the external examination of the fetuses, no test item-related abnormal findings were noted.
No test item-related abnormalities were noted during the visceral examination of fetuses.
No abnormalities, which were considered to be test item-related, were noted during examination of fetal skeleton and cartilages.
Toxicity to reproduction: other studies
Description of key information
No other studies available.
Mode of Action Analysis / Human Relevance Framework
The studies provided are considered to be relevant for human risk assessment.
Justification for classification or non-classification
No maternal or fetal toxicity has been observed in a developmental toxicity study in rats, treated orally with the test material up to the highest dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/day.
Under the conditions described for this study, the test material did not reveal teratogenic potential up to and including 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Moreover, no toxicity on reproductive organs was observed in a subchronic oral toxicity study in rats, i.e. there are no indications that fertility might be affected.
All studies are of high quality, i.e. performed under GLP regulation and according to international accepted Guidelines (Klimisch Score 1).
Therefore, based on all this data, the test material must not be classified with regard to toxicity to reproduction.
Additional information
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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