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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 215-713-4 | CAS number: 1345-04-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Epidemiological data
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- epidemiological data
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Study does not totally comply with the specific testing guideline, but reasonably well-documented biomonitoring study.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- External and internal antimony exposure in starter battery production.
- Author:
- Kentner M., Leinemann M., Schaller K-H., Weltle D. and Lehnert G.
- Year:
- 1 995
- Bibliographic source:
- Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 67: 119-123
Materials and methods
- Study type:
- other: health record from industry
- Endpoint addressed:
- basic toxicokinetics
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- A group of workers, working in the production of lead batteries, was examined with regard to the antimony concentration in blood and urine.
Aim of the study was to find out if there are any differences in the resorption and elimination kinetics between various Sb compounds resulting from
the production process. - GLP compliance:
- no
- Remarks:
- not applicable
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Diantimony trioxide
- EC Number:
- 215-175-0
- EC Name:
- Diantimony trioxide
- Cas Number:
- 1309-64-4
- Molecular formula:
- Sb2O3
- IUPAC Name:
- dioxodistiboxane
- Test material form:
- not specified
Constituent 1
Method
- Type of population:
- occupational
- Ethical approval:
- confirmed, but no further information available
- Details on study design:
- METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
- Type: Clinical tests
- Details:
The collection of the urine samples was conducted after at least 3 work days at the beginning (U1) and the end (U2) of the fourth or fifth work day (duration of the shift: 7.2 hours). During U2 venous blood samples were also collected. During the same shift personal air sampling was carried out. After the following weekend without Sb exposure the third urine sample was collected at the beginning of the first shift (U3). According to the change in shifts worked (early, normal or late), 54-104 hours lay between samples U2 and U3.
STUDY POPULATION
A group of workers from the casting area and from the formation was examined. The two groups showed no substantial differences with respect to age, occupational duration or smoking habits.
- Total population (Total no. of persons in cohort from which the subjects were drawn):
- Total number of subjects participating in study: 21 workers
- Sex/age/race: see table 1
- Smoker/nonsmoker: see table 1
- no other details on study design - Exposure assessment:
- measured
- Details on exposure:
- TYPE OF EXPOSURE: antimony in the air
TYPE OF EXPOSURE MEASUREMENT: Area air sampling / Personal sampling
Antimony in the air was assessed by personal air sampling (P 4000, Fa. Dupont) with a velocity rate of 1.25 m/s over 3 hours. As an absorptions
medium a filter-cassette containing a cellulose acetate membrane filter (pore size 0.8 µm) was used. The filter was impregnated with a 2.5%silver
nitrate solution. Silver nitrate traps the volatile stibine as silver antimonide. In this way not only antimony trioxide dust is retained, but also volatile
stibine.
Sb was determined by hydride atomic absorption spectrometry. Air samples (Sb-A) and blood samples (Sb-B) were analysed after wet oxidative
digestion. The urine samples were analysed under statistical quality assurance conditions without further preparation. The Sb concentrations from
spot urine samples were adjusted to creatinine.
EXPOSURE LEVELS:
External exposure: Workers from the formation area had a 3 times higher Sb exposure than those from the casting area. The formers were exposed
to both stibine and antimony trioxide, the casting workers only to antimony trioxide.
Internal exposure: The formers had a median of 10.1 µg Sb/l blood and the casters, a median of 2.6 µg Sb/l blood. For the employees from the
formation area a median urinary antimony excretion of 15.2 µg Sb/g creatinine was found, and for those in the casting area, a median of 3.9 µg Sb/g creatinine.
The measured Sb concentration in blood and urine for both the casters and the formers were considerably above the values for occupationally non-
exposed individuals, i.e. <0.5 µg Sb/l in urine and <1 µg Sb/l in blood.
- no other details on exposure are reported
Results and discussion
- Results:
- Resorption and elimination kinetics: The workload of the persons occupied in the two examined areas was equivalent. Higher Sb-B and Sb-U levels in
the formation area can be largely ascribed to higher external Sb-A levels at the workplace and not to higher respiratory volume. With respect to Sb-A as well as Sb-B and Sb-U, the values of the formers were generally between 3 and 4 times higher than those of the casters.
Resorption coefficients (Sb-A/Sb-B) could be calculated. For the casters this factor amounted to 1.74 and for the formers to 1.22. The elimination
coefficient (Sb-B/Sb-U) showed even better agreement, with 0.68 for the casters and 0.66 for the formers.
This study shows a correlation between Sb concentrations in air and in blood/urine.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Indications of a clinically relevant health hazard, particularly haemolysis, were not found.
Table 2: Median and minimum/maximum concentrations of antimony in the workplace air (Sb-A), in urine (Sb-U) and in blood (Sb-B) at the end of the last shift of the working week (U2).
casters |
formers |
|||||
min. |
median |
max. |
min. |
median |
max. |
|
Sb-A (µg/m3) |
1.2 |
4.5 |
6.6 |
0.6 |
12.4 |
41.5 |
Sb-U (µg/g creat.) |
2.8 |
3.9 |
5.6 |
3.5 |
15.2 |
23.4 |
Sb-B (µg/l) |
0.5 |
2.6 |
3.4 |
0.5 |
10.1 |
17.9 |
Applicant's summary and conclusion
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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