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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 249-047-0 | CAS number: 28473-19-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Ecotoxicological Summary
Administrative data
Hazard for aquatic organisms
Freshwater
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC aqua (freshwater)
- PNEC value:
- 10 mg/L
- Assessment factor:
- 100
- Extrapolation method:
- assessment factor
Marine water
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC aqua (marine water)
- PNEC value:
- 1 mg/L
- Assessment factor:
- 1 000
- Extrapolation method:
- assessment factor
STP
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC STP
- PNEC value:
- 0.2 mg/L
- Assessment factor:
- 10
- Extrapolation method:
- assessment factor
Sediment (freshwater)
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no exposure of sediment expected
Sediment (marine water)
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no exposure of sediment expected
Hazard for air
Air
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Hazard for terrestrial organisms
Soil
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no exposure of soil expected
Hazard for predators
Secondary poisoning
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no potential for bioaccumulation
Additional information
PNEC aqua (freshwater)
No aquatic toxicity test data are available for DIDS. However, reliable short-term toxicity tests are available on DEHS in fish, invertebrates and algae, covering three trophic levels (predators, plant-eating animals, and primary producers, respectively). In good quality guideline studies, NOECs in freshwater fish (Anon, 1994a), Daphnia (Anon, 1994b), and algae (Anon, 1994c) were all 1000 mg/L [the highest tested concentration level]. As these studies show, DEHS does not exhibit acute aquatic toxicity, even at high nominal concentrations. It was noted that analytical test concentrations of DEHS were very low [specific concentrations were not given], probably due to low water solubility. Furthermore, DIDS is readily biodegradable and is unlikely to pose a long-term toxicity risk to freshwater organisms. According to the REACh guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment (IR&CSA, Chapter R.10), an assessment factor (AF) of 1000 should be applied when at least one short-term LC50/EC50 from each of three trophic levels (fish, invertebrates (preferred Daphnia) and algae) is available (ECHA, 2008a). The use of such an AF in this instance is very conservative. As the point-of-departure is not a LC50 or EC50, but rather NOECs for mortality (for fish), mobility (for Daphnia) and growth inhibition (for algae), it is considered that an AF of 100 would provide sufficient conservatism to compensate for the fact that the studies were conducted on a closely-related read-across substance, and not DIDS itself.
PNECaqua (freshwater) = 1000 mg/L / 100 = 10 mg/L
PNEC aqua (marine water)
No toxicity studies were available on saltwater organisms for DIDS (or DIDA, DOS or DEHS). The PNEC aqua (marine water) is therefore based on the freshwater LC50 and EC50 values of more than 1000 mg/L [the highest tested concentration level], as discussed above (Anon, 1994a,b,c). According to chapter R.10 of the IR&CSA, an AF of 10,000 should be applied to the lowest short-term LC50 from freshwater or saltwater representatives of three taxonomic groups (algae, crustaceans and fish) of three trophic levels (ECHA, 2008a). The use of such an AF in this instance is very conservative. As the point-of-departure is not a LC50 or EC50, but rather NOECs for mortality, mobility and growth inhibition, it is considered that an AF of 1000 would provide sufficient conservatism to compensate for the fact that these studies were conducted on a closely-related read-across substance, and not DIDS itself.
PNECaqua (marine water) = 1000 mg/L / 1000 = 1 mg/L
PNEC aqua (intermittent releases)
A PNEC for intermittent releases was not calculated. According to chapter R.10 of the IR&CSA, these are required in cases where discharges, and therefore environmental exposure, are limited in time (ECHA, 2008a). This is not the case for DIDS – any environmental exposure (if it did occur) is assumed to be constant. Moreover, the PNEC aqua will be protective of intermittent releases.
PNEC STP (sewage treatment plant)
No standard toxicity data with activated sludge are currently available (or required). However, microbial toxicity is unlikely to occur as DIDS is highly insoluble in water and readily biodegradable. Indeed, in a guideline ready biodegradability test (to GLP) with DIDS, inhibition of the endogenous respiration of the inoculum (river water) by the test substance at day 7 was not detected at a test concentration of 2 mg/L (study NOEC). Chapter R.10 of the IR&CSA suggests that an AF of 10 can be applied to the NOEC from a reliable ready biodegradability test (ECHA, 2008a).
PNECmicroorganisms = 2 mg/L / 10 = 0.2 mg/L
PNEC sediment (freshwater) and PNEC sediment (marine water)
PNECs were not calculated for freshwater or marine sediment as exposure to these compartments is not anticipated.
PNEC air
No data were available on the possible effect of DIDS on the atmosphere. A vapour pressure of <0.00000405 Pa was predicted for DIDS. According to chapter R.7a of the IR&CSA, substances with vapour pressures below 0.01 Pa are “low volatility substances” (ECHA, 2012b). As such, biotic and abiotic effects (e.g. global warming, ozone depletion, acidification) are not expected.
PNEC soil
A PNEC was not calculated for soil as exposure to this compartment is not anticipated. According to chapter R.7c of the IR&CSA, “when soil exposure is considered negligible … neither a PEC, nor PNEC can or need to be calculated” (ECHA, 2012a).
PNEC oral (secondary poisoning)
A PNEC oral for secondary poisoning was not calculated. According to chapter R.8 of the IR&CSA, an assessment does not need to be conducted unless the substance has a log Kow of at least 3 or a BCF of at least 100, and there are no mitigating properties such as ready biodegradability or hydrolysis (with a half-life of less than 12 hr) (ECHA, 2011). Being readily biodegradable (and having a BCF <50), DIDS does not fulfil these criteria.
References
ECHA (2008a). Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Chapter R.10: Characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for environment. May 2008. Owner company: European Chemicals Agency.http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13632/information_requirements_r10_en.pdf
ECHA (2011). Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Part B: Hazard assessment. Version 2.1. December 2011.Report no.: ECHA-11-G-16-EN. Owner company: European Chemicals Agency.http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13643/information_requirements_part_b_en.pdf
ECHA (2012a). European Chemicals Agency. Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Chapter R.7a: Endpoint specific guidance. Version 2.0. November 2012.http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13632/information_requirements_r7a_en.pdf
ECHA (2012b). European Chemicals Agency. Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Chapter R.7c: Endpoint specific guidance. Version 1.1. November 2012.
http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13632/information_requirements_r7c_en.pdf
Conclusion on classification
In accordance with Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 (CLP), a substance should be classified as an acute aquatic hazard if the 96-hr LC50 for fish, the 72- or 96-hr EC50 for algae, or the 48-hr EC50 for crustaceans is 1 mg/L or less. The acute toxicity (LC50/EC50) of DIDS to aquatic species is predicted to be well above 1 mg/L for all trophic levels based on results for DEHS (Anon, 1994a,b,c). Therefore DIDS does not require classification as an acute aquatic hazard under CLP (or DSD).
Under CLP, substances should be classified as chronic aquatic hazards if any of the above criteria for acute aquatic hazard are fulfilled, and the substance is not rapidly degradable and/or the experimentally determined BCF is at least 500 (or, if the BCF is not available, the Log Kow is at least 4). DIDS is readily biodegradable and has a predicted BCF < 50. As such, it does not meet the criteria for classification as a chronic aquatic hazard under CLP (or DSD).
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