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Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
Use of this information is subject to copyright laws and may require the permission of the owner of the information, as described in the ECHA Legal Notice.
EC number: 222-960-1 | CAS number: 3681-71-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://poisoncentres.echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 11.75 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 75
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 881.59 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL of 1000 mg/kg bw/day available from a repeat dose toxicity study via the oral route
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- NOAEL value available
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- Default value for subacute to chronic
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Accounted for in correction of starting dose
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default value for remaining differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Default value for a worker
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Available study assigned a Klimisch 1
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- None
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 3.33 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 300
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL of 1000 mg/kg bw/day available from a repeat dose toxicity study via the oral route
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- NOAEL value available
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- Default value for subacute to chronic
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Default value for rat
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default value for remaining differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Default value for a worker
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Available study assigned a Klimisch 1
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- None
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Additional information - workers
The substance is not classified for human health. The DNELs that have been derived are for long-term systemic effects for dermal and inhalation routes and can be used to assess the risk to workers following exposure.
The results used to derive the DNELs was the NOAEL result of 1000 mg/kg bw/day for systemic toxicity, obtained from the OECD 422 combined repeated dose toxicity study with the reproductive/ developmental toxicity screening in the rat via the oral route. The corrected dose descriptors were calculated in accordance with REACH guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R.8: characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for human health. Modification of the oral result into an inhalation and dermal starting point was performed.
For inhalation exposure, the worst case assumption for absorption was used, i.e. the absorption percentage for the oral route is half that for the inhalation route. Therefore, 50 % absorption was assumed for oral absorption and 100 % absorption assumed for inhalation. This leads to the most conservation corrected dose descriptor.
For dermal exposure, it was assumed that dermal absorption would not be greater than oral absorption. Therefore, 50 % absorption was assumed for oral absorption and 50 % absorption assumed for dermal.
Default values were used for the remaining parameters.
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 2.9 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 150
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 434.8 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL of 1000 mg/kg bw/day available from a repeat dose toxicity study via the oral route
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- NOAEL value available
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- Default value for subacute to chronic
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Accounted for in correction of starting dose
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default value for remaining differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default value for general population
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Available study assigned a Klimisch 1
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- None
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 1.67 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 600
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL of 1000 mg/kg bw/day available from a repeat dose toxicity study via the oral route
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- NOAEL value available
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- Default value for subacute to chronic
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Default value for rat
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default value for remaining differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default value for general population
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Available study assigned a Klimisch 1
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- None
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 1.67 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 600
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- No route-to-route extrapolation needed
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- NOAEL value available
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- Default value for subacute to chronic
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Default value for rat
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default value for remaining differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default value for general population
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Available study assigned a Klimisch 1
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- None
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Additional information - General Population
The substance is not classified for human health. The DNELs that have been derived are for long-term systemic effects for inhalation, dermal and oral routes and can be used to assess the risk to the general population following exposure.
The results used to derive the DNELs was the NOAEL result of 1000 mg/kg bw/day for systemic toxicity, obtained from the OECD 422 combined repeated dose toxicity study with the reproductive/ developmental toxicity screening in the rat via the oral route. Where necessary, the corrected dose descriptors were calculated in accordance with REACH guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R.8: characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for human health. Modification of the oral result into an inhalation and dermal starting point was performed.
For inhalation exposure, the worst case assumption for absorption was used, i.e. the absorption percentage for the oral route is half that for the inhalation route. Therefore, 50 % absorption was assumed for oral absorption and 100 % absorption assumed for inhalation. This leads to the most conservation corrected dose descriptor.
For dermal exposure, it was assumed that dermal absorption would not be greater than oral absorption. Therefore, 50 % absorption was assumed for oral absorption and 50 % absorption assumed for dermal.
Default values were used for the remaining parameters.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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