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EC number: 246-356-2 | CAS number: 24613-89-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2002
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see RAC/35/2015/09
- Justification for type of information:
- Study identified as most relevant study and representative for Cr(VI) compounds in RAC/35/2015/09
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Teratogenicity of hexavalent chromium in rats and the beneficial role of ginseng
- Author:
- Elsaieed, EM; Nada, SA.
- Year:
- 2 002
- Bibliographic source:
- Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 68(3):361-368
Materials and methods
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Effects of gestational exposure to Cr(VI) were investigated in Wistar rats (Elsaieed and Nada, 2002). Groups of 10 pregnant rats (mean initial body weight of 170 g) were administered drinking water containing 0 or 50 mg Cr(VI)/L as potassium dichromate on days 6 to 15 of gestation. During the exposure period, dams were evaluated for clinical signs of toxicity, body weights, and food and drinking water consumption. One day before delivery, rats were sacrificed and the following were evaluated: numbers of corpora lutea, pre- and post- implantation losses, resorptions, and live and dead fetuses; fetal weight; and visceral and skeletal anomalies.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Potassium dichromate
- EC Number:
- 231-906-6
- EC Name:
- Potassium dichromate
- Cas Number:
- 7778-50-9
- Molecular formula:
- Cr2H2O7.2K
- IUPAC Name:
- potassium dichromate
- Details on test material:
- Potassium dichromate.
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: drinking water
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- days 6 to 15 of gestation
- Frequency of treatment:
- contineous
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/L drinking water
- Remarks:
- Cr(VI) (as potassium dichromate)
- Dose / conc.:
- 50 mg/L drinking water
- Remarks:
- Cr(VI) (as potassium dichromate), corresponding to about 7.9 mg Cr(VI)/kg bw/d
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10 pregnant rats/dose
Examinations
- Maternal examinations:
- clinical signs of toxicity, body weights, and food and drinking water consumption
- Ovaries and uterine content:
- numbers of corpora lutea, pre- and post- implantation losses, resorptions
- Fetal examinations:
- live and dead fetuses; fetal weight; and visceral and skeletal anomalies.
Results and discussion
Results: maternal animals
General toxicity (maternal animals)
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Dermal irritation (if dermal study):
- not examined
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Gestational weight gain was significantly (40%) less in treated dams, compared with controls (p < 0.05).
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- no effects observed
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- no effects observed
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not examined
- Gross pathological findings:
- not examined
- Neuropathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
Maternal developmental toxicity
- Number of abortions:
- no effects observed
- Pre- and post-implantation loss:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- significant (p < 0.05) increases in post- implantation loss/litter (1.5 vs. 0)
- Total litter losses by resorption:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- significant (p < 0.05) increases in resorptions/litter (1.2 vs. 0),
- Early or late resorptions:
- not specified
- Dead fetuses:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- significant (p < 0.05) increases in dead foetuses/litter (1.2 vs. 0)
- Changes in pregnancy duration:
- not specified
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Migrated Data from removed field(s)
Field "Effects on pregnancy duration" (Path: ENDPOINT_STUDY_RECORD.DevelopmentalToxicityTeratogenicity.ResultsAndDiscussion.ResultsMaternalAnimals.MaternalDevelopmentalToxicity.EffectsOnPregnancyDuration): not specified - Changes in number of pregnant:
- not specified
- Other effects:
- not specified
Effect levels (maternal animals)
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Effect level:
- 7.9 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- other: Cr(VI)
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- dead fetuses
- pre and post implantation loss
- total litter losses by resorption
Results (fetuses)
- Fetal body weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- decrease in foetal weight (33% decrease)
Migrated Data from removed field(s)
Field "Fetal/pup body weight changes" (Path: ENDPOINT_STUDY_RECORD.DevelopmentalToxicityTeratogenicity.ResultsAndDiscussion.ResultsFetuses.FetalPupBodyWeightChanges): effects observed, treatment-related
Field "Description (incidence and severity)" (Path: ENDPOINT_STUDY_RECORD.DevelopmentalToxicityTeratogenicity.ResultsAndDiscussion.ResultsFetuses.DescriptionIncidenceAndSeverityFetalPupBodyWeightChanges): decrease in foetal weight (33% decrease) - Reduction in number of live offspring:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- decrease in live foetuses/litter (1.5 vs. 6.8 in control)
- Changes in sex ratio:
- not specified
- Changes in litter size and weights:
- not specified
- Changes in postnatal survival:
- not specified
- External malformations:
- not specified
- Skeletal malformations:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- increased litters with skeletal anomalies (incomplete skull ossification: 1.0/litter)
- Visceral malformations:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- increased litters with visceral anomalies(renal pelvis dilation: 2.1/litter)
- Other effects:
- not specified
Effect levels (fetuses)
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Effect level:
- 7.9 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- other: Cr(VI)
- Basis for effect level:
- reduction in number of live offspring
- fetal/pup body weight changes
- skeletal malformations
- visceral malformations
Overall developmental toxicity
- Key result
- Developmental effects observed:
- yes
- Lowest effective dose / conc.:
- 7.9 other: mg Cr(VI)/mg bw/day
- Treatment related:
- yes
- Relation to maternal toxicity:
- not specified
- Dose response relationship:
- yes
- Relevant for humans:
- yes
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- In this study, treatment of rats with Cr(VI) resulted in significant (p < 0.05) increases in post- implantation loss/litter (1.5 vs. 0), resorptions/litter (1.2 vs. 0), and dead foetuses/litter (1.2 vs. 0) and decreases in live foetuses/litter (1.5 vs. 6.8 in control) and foetal weight (33% decrease). In the exposed group, increased litters with foetal anomalies were observed including visceral (renal pelvis dilation: 2.1/litter) and skeletal (incomplete skull ossification: 1.0/litter) changes; no control foetuses showed these changes.
- Executive summary:
In this study, treatment of rats with Cr(VI) resulted in significant (p< 0.05) increases in post- implantation loss/litter (1.5 vs. 0), resorptions/litter (1.2 vs. 0), and dead foetuses/litter (1.2 vs. 0) and decreases in live foetuses/litter (1.5 vs. 6.8 in control) and foetal weight (33% decrease). In the exposed group, increased litters with foetal anomalies were observed including visceral (renal pelvis dilation: 2.1/litter) and skeletal (incomplete skull ossification: 1.0/litter) changes; no control foetuses showed these changes.
The results of this study showed that exposure of pregnant Wistar rats to drinking water containing 50 mg Cr(VI)/L as potassium dichromate (approximately 7.9 mg Cr(VI)/kg bw/d) on days 6–15 of gestation produced adverse effects on reproductive outcome and foetal development. Thus a LOAEL of 7.9 mg Cr(VI)/kg bw/d was identified from this study.
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