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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 202-627-7 | CAS number: 98-01-1
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://poisoncentres.echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Repeated dose toxicity: oral
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- sub-chronic toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Data extracted from EU RAR (2008). Original report could not be sourced, but widely cited in regulatory reviews.
Data source
Referenceopen allclose all
- Reference Type:
- other: EU Risk Assessment Report
- Title:
- RISK ASSESSMENT REPORT 2-FURALDEHYDE (Furfural) CAS-No.: 98-01-1 EINECS-No.: 202-627-7
- Author:
- EU RAR
- Year:
- 2 008
- Bibliographic source:
- Risk Assessment: 2-furaldehyde – final report (final approved version February 2008).
- Reference Type:
- other: citation in RAR (2008)
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 000
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 408 (Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- no Functional Observation Battery
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- furfural
- IUPAC Name:
- furfural
- Reference substance name:
- 2-furaldehyde
- EC Number:
- 202-627-7
- EC Name:
- 2-furaldehyde
- Cas Number:
- 98-01-1
- Molecular formula:
- C5H4O2
- IUPAC Name:
- 2-furaldehyde
- Details on test material:
- The test material consisted of microencapsulated furfural in a carrier of maltodextrin and mixed sugars.
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Fischer 344
- Sex:
- male/female
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: feed
- Vehicle:
- other: microcapsules consisting of maltodextrin and mixed sugars
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- No data, but it was stated in the review that actual doses were derived from nominal doses by analysis of the food.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 13 weeks
- Frequency of treatment:
- Continuous in diet
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
0, 30, 60, 90, or 180 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
nominal in diet
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
Males: 0, 26, 53, 82, or 160 mg/kg; Females, 0, 28, 57, 86 or 170 mg/kg
Basis:
actual ingested
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10/sex/dose
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
Examinations
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: daily
DETAILED
CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: yes
- Time schedule: no data
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: weekly
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study): yes
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: No data
- Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: Yes
FOOD EFFICIENCY: No data
WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): No
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: no data
- Dose groups that were examined: high dose and controls
HAEMATOLOGY: Yes (parameters not specified)
- Time schedule for collection of blood: No data
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: No data
- Animals fasted: No data
- How many animals: all
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes (parameters not specified)
- Time schedule for collection of blood: No data (presumably at termination)
- Animals fasted: No data
- How many animals: all
URINALYSIS: No
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: No data - Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes (with measurements of organ weights; list of organs weighed not given)
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes (“extensive histological examination of a range of organs”)
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not specified
- Ophthalmological findings:
- no effects observed
- Haematological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Gross pathological findings:
- not specified
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Details on results:
- The full text of the Risk Assessment Report’s evaluation of this study is presented below:
“There were no clinical signs of toxicity, and body weights and food consumption were unaffected by treatment. The animals given the high dose showed no ophthalmoscopic changes when compared with controls. Some changes in clinical chemistry were seen. The haematological changes included a decreased red blood cell count in males dosed at 180 mg/kg bw per day and increased corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin in males dosed at 90 and 180 mg/kg bw per day. Females at the high dose showed decreased alkaline phosphatase activity, increased γ-glutamyltransferase activity, increased plasma concentration of albumin, and decreased plasma concentration of potassium. Males at the high dose showed decreased alanine aminotransferase activity, increased plasma concentration of albumin, and increased albumin:globulin ratio. Increased albumin:globulin ratios were also found in males at 30 and 90 mg/kg bw per day but not in those at 60 mg/kg bw per day.
At necropsy, the absolute and relative weights of the liver were increased in males at 180 mg/kg bw per day, but there were no gross pathological changes. Microscopic examination revealed changes in the liver in 5/10 males at 90 mg/kg bw per day and in 10/10 males at 180 mg/kg bw per day. The changes were found mainly in the perilobular region and were characterized by cells having less coarse cytoplasm, an increased occurrence of clumps of eosinophils, a less dense periphery, and more prominent nucleoli in the nucleus. The changes seen at 90 mg/kg bw per day were not severe, and those in rats at 180 mg/kg bw per day were slight with none being accompanied by signs of degeneration or necrosis. No changes were observed in the livers of females, and there were no signs of hepatotoxicity such as degeneration, necrosis, or inflammation. No bile-duct proliferation was seen. The NOAEL was 60 (i.e. 53) mg/kg bw per day.”
Effect levels
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 53 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- act. ingr.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: haematological and microscopic liver changes in males at 82 and 160 mg/kg
Target system / organ toxicity
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- In a 13-week dietary toxicity study with furfural in rat, a NOAEL of 53 mg/kg bw/day was established based on microscopic liver changes and haematological changes in male rats at 82 mg/kg bw/day..
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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