Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
Data platform availability banner - registered substances factsheets
Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
Use of this information is subject to copyright laws and may require the permission of the owner of the information, as described in the ECHA Legal Notice.
EC number: 234-364-9 | CAS number: 11120-25-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://poisoncentres.echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_manufacture-use-and-exposure.png)
Manufacture
Documentsopen allclose all
Manufacture
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
- Name of activity / technique:
- Manufacture of ammonium paratungstate powder
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC1: Manufacture of the substance
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Name of activity / technique:
- Step 1: Transfer to silica precipitation - After pressure leach, impure sodium tungstate solution is transferred through a pipe system in a closed tank to the silica precipitation
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Name of activity / technique:
- Step 2: Filtration / silica precipitation - Silicate ions are precipitated by adding aluminium sulphate or magnesium sulphate to the sodium tungstate solution. Also, mixtures of both reagents are used. After the precipitation, the solution is filtered in a filter press. The filtration residue is sent off-site as waste. The tungstate solution is transferred through a pipe system to the molybdenum precipitation, or if the Kryolith-precipitation is necessary, to the Kryolith-precipitation step.
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Name of activity / technique:
- Step 3: Kryolith-(fluorine) precipitation - Aluminium sulphate and sulfuric acid are added to the tungstate solution. The sodium tungstate solution is filtered in a filter press. After the precipitation, the filtration residue is sent off-site as waste. The tungstate solution is transferred through a pipe system to the molybdenum precipitation.
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Name of activity / technique:
- Step 4: Moybdenum precipitation - Sodium sulfide is added to the sodium tungstate solution, the molybdate ion is converted to thiomolybdate. The addition of sulfuric acid to change the pH converts the thiomolybdate to insoluble molybdenum trisulfide. The H2S evolved during acidification has to be scrubbed by NaOH. The sodium tungstate solution is filtered again. The residue from the filtration is sent off-site as waste. The tungstate solution is transferred in pipes to the solvent extraction process.
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Name of activity / technique:
- Step 5: Solvent extraction -
This stage extracts isopolytungstate species from slightly acidic aqueous solution by the reagent dissolved in the organic phase, thus separating the tungstate from sodium ions. Kerosene and the modifier are part of the organic phase.
1) Re-extraction from the organic into aqueous phase is performed by aqueous ammonia solution. The organic solvent circulates from the extraction to scrubbing, stripping regeneration and back to extraction. The aqueous phase leaves the process as raffinate.
2) Extraction: The slightly acidic polytungstate solution is contacted with the regenerated organic phase, whereby the isopolytungstate reacts with the protonated cationic amine to form an ion associate complex. The equivalent amounts of sulphate and sodium ions, as well as any surplus of these ions applied in excess during digestion and acidification, remain in the aqueous phase and leave the extraction as raffinate.
Scrubbing: Some entrainment of the organic phase after extraction cannot be avoided. By scrubbing, the main portion will be removed. The scrubbing raffinate contains low concentrations of sodium sulphate. A combination of coalescer and settler are used for entrainment removal besides mixer settlers.
3) Stripping: In this step, the loaded organic is contacted with aqueous ammonia solution. The ion associate complex is decomposed, and the isopolytungstate is re-extracted into the aqueous phase as ammonium salt solution.
4) Solvent regeneration: In this process step, the stripped organic phase is contacted with an aqueous sulfuric acid solution. Then the amine is again protonated and at the same time the organic phase is cleaned from the entrainment of the ammoniacal salt solution.
The ammonium isopolytungstate solution is transferred in a pipe system to the crystallisation and filtration process. - Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Name of activity / technique:
- Step 6: Crystallization / filtration - The ammonium isopolytungstate solution is evaporated, water and ammonia are distilled, the pH of the solution decreases, and the sparingly soluble ammonium paratungstate (APT) crystallises. The ammonia – water mixture is condensed and recycled to the solvent extraction process. The process is carried out in a continuously recirculating crystalliser. The crystal slurry is separated from the mother liquor by filtration and washing with deionized water. Filtrate and wash water are recycled.
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Name of activity / technique:
- Step 7: Transfer to tungsten trioxide (WO3) and tungsten blue oxide (TBO) production
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
Manufacture
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC6a: Use of intermediate
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC1: Manufacture of the substance
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 2: Chemical production or refinery in closed continuous process with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 14: Tabletting, compression, extrusion, pelletisation, granulation
Manufacture
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC6a: Use of intermediate
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC1: Manufacture of the substance
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
Manufacture
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC1: Manufacture of the substance
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
Manufacture
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC1: Manufacture of the substance
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
Manufacture
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
- Name of activity / technique:
- Manufacture of ammonium paratungstate
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC1: Manufacture of the substance
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Name of activity / technique:
- Step 1: Transfer to silica precipitation - After pressure leach, impure sodium tungstate solution is transferred through a pipe system in a closed tank to the silica precipitation
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Name of activity / technique:
- Step 2: Filtration / silica precipitation - Silicate ions are precipitated by adding aluminium sulphate or magnesium sulphate to the sodium tungstate solution. Also, mixtures of both reagents are used. After the precipitation, the solution is filtered in a filter press. The filtration residue is sent off-site as waste. The tungstate solution is transferred through a pipe system to the molybdenum precipitation, or if the Kryolith-precipitation is necessary, to the Kryolith-precipitation step.
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Name of activity / technique:
- Step 3: Kryolith-(fluorine) precipitation - Aluminium sulphate and sulfuric acid are added to the tungstate solution. The sodium tungstate solution is filtered in a filter press. After the precipitation, the filtration residue is sent off-site as waste. The tungstate solution is transferred through a pipe system to the molybdenum precipitation.
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Name of activity / technique:
- Step 4: Moybdenum precipitation - Sodium sulfide is added to the sodium tungstate solution, the molybdate ion is converted to thiomolybdate. The addition of sulfuric acid to change the pH converts the thiomolybdate to insoluble molybdenum trisulfide. The H2S evolved during acidification has to be scrubbed by NaOH. The sodium tungstate solution is filtered again. The residue from the filtration is sent off-site as waste. The tungstate solution is transferred in pipes to the solvent extraction process.
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Name of activity / technique:
- Step 5: Solvent extraction -
This stage extracts isopolytungstate species from slightly acidic aqueous solution by the reagent dissolved in the organic phase, thus separating the tungstate from sodium ions. Kerosene and the modifier are part of the organic phase.
1) Re-extraction from the organic into aqueous phase is performed by aqueous ammonia solution. The organic solvent circulates from the extraction to scrubbing, stripping regeneration and back to extraction. The aqueous phase leaves the process as raffinate.
2) Extraction: The slightly acidic polytungstate solution is contacted with the regenerated organic phase, whereby the isopolytungstate reacts with the protonated cationic amine to form an ion associate complex. The equivalent amounts of sulphate and sodium ions, as well as any surplus of these ions applied in excess during digestion and acidification, remain in the aqueous phase and leave the extraction as raffinate.
Scrubbing: Some entrainment of the organic phase after extraction cannot be avoided. By scrubbing, the main portion will be removed. The scrubbing raffinate contains low concentrations of sodium sulphate. A combination of coalescer and settler are used for entrainment removal besides mixer settlers.
3) Stripping: In this step, the loaded organic is contacted with aqueous ammonia solution. The ion associate complex is decomposed, and the isopolytungstate is re-extracted into the aqueous phase as ammonium salt solution.
4) Solvent regeneration: In this process step, the stripped organic phase is contacted with an aqueous sulfuric acid solution. Then the amine is again protonated and at the same time the organic phase is cleaned from the entrainment of the ammoniacal salt solution.
The ammonium isopolytungstate solution is transferred in a pipe system to the crystallisation and filtration process. - Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Name of activity / technique:
- Step 6: Crystallization / filtration - The ammonium isopolytungstate solution is evaporated, water and ammonia are distilled, the pH of the solution decreases, and the sparingly soluble ammonium paratungstate crystallises. The ammonia – water mixture is condensed and recycled to the solvent extraction process. The process is carried out in a continuously recirculating crystalliser. The crystal slurry is separated from the mother liquor by filtration and washing with deionized water. Filtrate and wash water are recycled.
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Name of activity / technique:
- Step 7: Transfer to tungsten trioxide and/or tungsten oxide production
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR but not a lead’s own use
Manufacture
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
- Name of activity / technique:
- Manufacture of ammonium wolframate solution
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC1: Manufacture of the substance
Contributing activity / technique for workers
- Name of activity / technique:
- Manufacture of ammonium wolframate solution
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
Manufacture
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC1: Manufacture of the substance
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 2: Chemical production or refinery in closed continuous process with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 14: Tabletting, compression, extrusion, pelletisation, granulation
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
![ECHA](/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/echa_logo.png)