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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 231-149-1 | CAS number: 7440-39-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Effects on fertility
Description of key information
Barium is manufactured and put on the market as rods of barium. To assess Ba toxicity, Ba ion data is investigated using data reported in the BaCl2 REACH Dossier.
No relevant information; for further information see secion 12 "literature search"Effect on fertility: via oral route
- Quality of whole database:
- Only a screening test is available. However, based on this study there are no indications of a substantial impairment of fertility in rats up to the highest dose tested. Thus, the NOAEL was 4000 ppm (to average doses of 201.5 and 179.5 mg Ba/kg bw/d to male and and female rats, respectively). No-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) on developmental toxicity for rats of 4000 ppm were derived. However, this NOAEL is of limited value to evaluate the potential for barium to induce developmental effects because there was no exposure of the females during gestation. Nevertheless, a decision on the registrant’s testing proposal for a study investigating the effects on fertility has not yet been taken by ECHA.
Effect on fertility: via inhalation route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Effect on fertility: via dermal route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
Only two studies (NTP and Dietz) exist in which a dose-response relationship of different adverse effects on fertility after oral administration of barium chloride was investigated. These studies (see section 7.8.1) which were published in peer-reviewed journals were examined with respect to their adequacy for the derivation of NOAEL/LOAEL values for fertility impairment.
Based on these limited investigations with barium chloride as described above, a lack of fully, guideline conform data must be noted. Tentatively, the premating study by Dietz et al. (1992) on rats and mice may be considered as the only acceptable study for the derivation of a preliminary NOAEL for fertility effects of soluble barium compounds. This study investigated the occurrence of different adverse effects in male and female rats and mice and their offspring related to barium chloride exposure via drinking water. A tentative NOAEL for fertility impairment of 4,000 ppm in rats and 2,000 ppm in mice can be derived (see "short description of key information").
For this reason, a testing proposal for a study investigating the effects on fertility was included into the registration dossier but a final decision has not yet been taken by ECHA.
Short description of key information:
Screening study:
Fertility impairment in female rats: NOAEL of 179.5 mg Ba2+/kg bw/d; relates to 272 mg Barium chloride/kg bw/day (Dietz et al., 1992)
Fertility impairment in male rats: NOAEL of 201.5 mg Ba2+/kg bw/d; relates to 306 mg Barium chloride/kg bw/day (Dietz et al., 1992)
Effects on developmental toxicity
Description of key information
Developmental toxicity: a NOAEL of >=85.3 mg BaCl2/kg was derived in an oral developmental toxicity study according to OECD 414.
Effect on developmental toxicity: via oral route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- 85.3 mg/kg bw/day
- Study duration:
- subacute
- Species:
- rat
- Quality of whole database:
- The study is fully acceptable
Effect on developmental toxicity: via inhalation route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Effect on developmental toxicity: via dermal route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
Developmental toxicity of barium chloride dihydrate was evaluated in a recent prenatal developmental toxicity study by daily administration of the test item at dose levels of 0, 10, 30 or 100 mg BaCl2 * 2 H2O/kg body weight to pregnant rats from gestation day 1 up to and including gestation day 20. No effects on body weights, food consumption and clinical signs were observed. Maternal toxicity was evidenced by the spontaneous deaths of two animals on gestation day 21 only and the conditional decline of another animal on gestation day 21 in the high dose group (100 mg BaCl2 * 2 H2O/kg bw).
No developmental toxicity or treatment-related observations, whatsoever in external, visceral and skeletal foetal examinations were observed in any dose level.
The NOAEL for maternal toxicity was therefore 30 mg/kg body weight barium chloride dihydrate (25.6 mg/kg bw barium chloride)). In absence of developmental effects, the NOAEL for prenatal developmental toxicity in the rat was ≥ 100 mg/kg body weight barium chloride dihydrate (≥85.3 mg/kg bw barium chloride).
Furthermore, tentative NOAEL values for developmental toxicity of 4,000 ppm and 2,000 ppm for rats and mice, respectively, are also reported in the study by Dietz et al. (1992). However, these NOAELs are of limited value to evaluate the potential for barium to induce developmental effects because the study design did not include prenatal exposure of the female animals to barium dichloride dihydrate. Therefore, this study has to be considered as inadequate for the assessment of the potential to induce developmental toxicity and cannot be used in a regulatory context.
Justification for selection of Effect on developmental toxicity: via oral route:
Barium dichloride dihydrate was evaluated recently in a GLP compliant oral prenatal toxicity study accorrding to OECD guideline 414. The NOAEL is reported as re-calculated barium dichloride.
Toxicity to reproduction: other studies
Additional information
Ba2+ data from BaCl2 REACH Dossier is analysed.
Justification for classification or non-classification
Ba2+ data from BaCl2 REACH Dossier is analysed.
No classification is required based on the results of the prenatal developmental toxicity study. Further classification and labelling will be postponed till the results of the study investigating the effects on fertility are available.Additional information
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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