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EC number: 285-505-6 | CAS number: 85116-53-6 A complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained by fractionation from hydrodesulfurized thermal cracker distillate stocks. It consists predominantly of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the range of C11 to C25 and boiling in the range of approximately 205° C to 400°C (401°F to 752°F).
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- sub-chronic toxicity: inhalation
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 1982-08-09 to 1983-01-24
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: This study is classified as reliable with restrictions because there is no GLP statement, but the study was generally conducted in accordance with OECD 413 guidelines.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 1 984
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 413 (Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity: 90-Day Study)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- exposure on two days/week only
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Diesel Fuel
- IUPAC Name:
- Diesel Fuel
- Reference substance name:
- 68334-30-5
- Cas Number:
- 68334-30-5
- IUPAC Name:
- 68334-30-5
- Test material form:
- other: low viscosity hydrocarbon liquid
- Details on test material:
- Substance is a possible end product of the substances being registered (i.e., substances being produced in a refinery as petrochemical intermediates).
- Name of test material (as cited in study report): Diesel fuel
- Test substance: Diesel fuel
- Physical state: Liquid
- Analytical purity: Not reported
- Lot/batch No.: Not reported
- Expiration date of the lot/batch: Not reported
- Stability under test conditions: Not reported
- Storage condition of test material: In the Oak Ridge Laboratories respository at 5 degrees Celcius
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Breeding Laboratories, Wilmington, Massachussetts
- Age at study initiation: 18 to 21 weeks old
- Weight at study initiation: Approximately 500 grams for males and 260 to 290 grams for females
- Housing: Individaully in hanging, stainless steel, wire mesh cages
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 10 to 13 weeks
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): Not reported
- Humidity (%): Not reported
- Air changes (per hr): Not reported
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 hours dark/12 hours light
IN-LIFE DATES: From: 1982-08-09 To: 1983-01-24
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- inhalation: aerosol
- Type of inhalation exposure:
- whole body
- Vehicle:
- other: unchanged (no vehicle)
- Remarks on MMAD:
- MMAD / GSD: Ranged from 0.43 microns to 0.75 microns with a standard geometric deviation of 1.4 to 1.7
- Details on inhalation exposure:
- GENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE / CHAMBER DESCRIPTION
- Method of holding animals in test chamber: 1.5 m3 New York University style inhalation chambers
- Source and rate of air: Not reported
- Method of conditioning air: Not reported
- System of generating particulates/aerosols: Vycor heater
- Temperature, humidity, pressure in air chamber: 20 to 24 degrees Celcius, 70% humidity, and air pressure not reported
- Air flow rate: Only specified as constant
- Air change rate: Not reported
- Method of particle size determination: Cascade impactation at various times during the experiment
- Treatment of exhaust air: Not reported
TEST ATMOSPHERE
- Brief description of analytical method used: Infrared backscatter probes and periodic filter samples taken for gravimetric determination, which were also analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography
- Samples taken from breathing zone: No
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- The gravimetric data indicate that all concentrations were greater than the target concentrations by 40%, 17%, and 14% for the 250, 750, and 1500 mg/m3 target concentrations; however, the backscatter probes found the concentration of the 250 mg/m3 group to be lower than the target concentration. This was considered a result of the vapour concentration and aerosol concentrations were considered to be close enough to the target to be acceptable.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 13 weeks
- Frequency of treatment:
- Twice a week
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
0, 0.25, 0.75, or 1.50 mg/L
Basis:
nominal conc.
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
0, 0.35, 0.88, 1.71 mg/L
Basis:
analytical conc.
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 24 for sham control and treatment groups and 12 for untreated controls
- Control animals:
- yes, sham-exposed
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: This was phase 3 of the testing protocol. Phase 1 and 2 were acute and short-term testing. Doses were based on the previous tests.
- Rationale for animal assignment (if not random): Not reported
- Rationale for selecting satellite groups: Not reported
- Post-exposure recovery period in satellite groups: 2 months
- Section schedule rationale (if not random): Not reported - Positive control:
- Not applicable
Examinations
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: During exposure and on removal from the chamber
- Cage side observations were not reported.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: No data
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Weekly
FOOD CONSUMPTION:
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes
FOOD EFFICIENCY:
- Body weight gain in kg/food consumption in kg per unit time X 100 calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: No
WATER CONSUMPTION: No
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: No
HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: At end of exposure and after 2 month recovery
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: No data
- Animals fasted: No data
- How many animals: Six animals per sex per treatment
- Parameters checked included red blood cell counts, white blood cell counts, and haematocrit
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: Terminal sacrifice (immediately after exposure and after 2-month recovery)
- Animals fasted: No data
- How many animals: Six animals per sex per treatment
- Parameters checked in table 1 were examined.
URINALYSIS: No
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Prior to study initiation, at various time points over the 13 week exposure period, and once a month during the 2-month recovery
- Dose groups that were examined: All groups
- Battery of functions tested: other: Breathing frequency and startle response
OTHER: The number of alveolar macrophages in pulmonary lavage fluid and pulmonary function were measured. - Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: No data
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes (see table 2) - Other examinations:
- Select organs were weighed (Table 2).
- Statistics:
- Analysis of variance
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- no effects observed
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Gross pathological findings:
- not specified
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Details on results:
- CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY: There were no deaths during the exposure phase or during the 2-month recovery period. Animals were described as inactive during treatment but no overt clinical signs were present.
BODY WEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN: Body weight was decreased in both the sham control and the diesel-exposed groups relative to animal room controls at the start of exposure (that is, when the animals were first introduced into the chambers). Exposed animals exhibited a reduced weight gain (relative to the sham control group) until the start of the fourth week of treatment (statistically significant for mid- and high dose males and all exposed females), after which male body weight increased while body weights for females remained relatively static. Terminal body weights (after 25 exposures) were significantly decreased by 7%, 13% and 11% in low-, mid- and high-dose males and by 11%, 17% and 16% in the corresponding groups of females, relative to the sham controls (Table 1). Body weights for exposed males were comparable to the sham control group by the third week of the recovery period, whereas statistically significant decreases remained in mid- and high-dose females until recovery weeks 7 and 5, respectively.
FOOD CONSUMPTION: Food intake was significantly decreased by approximately 10-15% in mid- and high dose animals (no difference between the sexes) during study weeks 4-12, but did not differ from that of the sham control group thereafter.
HAEMATOLOGY: There were no treatment-related effects on red blood cell counts, white blood cell counts, or haematocrit.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Some clinical chemistry parameters were apparently altered in high-dose animals (LDH, cholesterol and creatinine in females at study termination; LDH in males 2 month post-exposure), however the report discounts the biological relevance of the findings and the data are not reported.
NEUROBEHAVIOUR: Breathing frequency was indistinguishable between sham control and exposed animals during the test and recovery periods. Results from the startle reflex tests showed that reaction time was statistically significantly increased in high- and mid-dose males immediately after exposure, and in mid-dose females immediately before exposure, however the magnitude of the alteration (2 msec) was small and considered of doubtful toxicological relevance by the study authors. In contrast, statistically significant increases in peak time were present in high dose males (2-4 msec greater than sham controls) at all of the time points investigated, intermittently in mid-dose males (after the 14th exposure, before the 26th exposure, at one month post-exposure; 2-5 msec) and intermittently in low dose males (after the 14th exposure and at the one month into the recovery phase; 2-3 msec). Similar statistically significant increases in peak time (increased 2-4 msec) were also present in high- and mid-dose females and persisted for up to one month post-exposure. The magnitude of these differences (up to 5 msec) lead the authors to conclude that treatment-related decrement in performance was probably present. There was no obvious treatment-related change in the maximum force exerted by the animals following exposure to the noise stimulus.
ORGAN WEIGHTS: Relative liver weight (as a proportion of body weight) was statistically significantly increased in high-dose males (+29%) and females (+14%) at study termination, but comparable to the sham controls by the end of the two month recovery period. Similarly the relative wet weight of the right middle lobe of the lung was increased 18-19% (significant) in high-dose males and females immediately post-exposure, with smaller (non-significant) increases of 7-9% present in the mid-dose groups (Table 2). Kidney, spleen, adrenal and testis weights were comparable for the sham control and the treated groups.
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Histopathological examination of lung revealed no treatment-related lesions, while findings in the kidney (glomerulosclerosis), adrenal (small cortical adenomas) and heart (degeneration of single cardiac fibres) occurred at a similar frequency in control and treated animals and were considered spontaneous phenomena, unrelated to treatment. No treatment-related lesions were present in 15-20 other tissues that were sampled and subjected to microscopic evaluation. This included the nasal turbinates, where no adverse changes were present even in high-dose animals.
OTHER FINDINGS: The number of alveolar macrophages in pulmonary lavage fluid was increased 8-19% in exposed animals of both sexes (significant for low- and high-dose groups), but had resolved by the end of the 2-month recovery period (numbers of other cells unaffected).Pulmonary function tests showed no obvious dose-related difference or trend in lung resistance, multibreath nitrogen washout, single breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, maximal forced exhalation, peak expiratory flow, vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity or specific compliance. Only total lung capacity and residual volume were altered by treatment, with statistically significantly decreases (-7% and -13%, respectively) noted in high-dose animals (both sexes combined) when compared with the sham controls.
Effect levels
open allclose all
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Remarks:
- Systemic effects
- Effect level:
- >= 1.71 mg/L air (analytical)
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: see Details on results
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Remarks:
- Local effects
- Effect level:
- 0.88 mg/L air (analytical)
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Lung weight
Target system / organ toxicity
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table 1. Body weight |
||||
|
Sham Control |
250 mg/m3 |
750 mg/m3 |
1500 mg/m3 |
Males |
||||
Initial |
508.7±9.2 |
512.6±9.4 |
510.3±11.7 |
507.6±7.1 |
End of exposure |
580.3±12.2 |
543.7±10.9 * |
525.6±13.6 * |
528.1±8.8 * |
End of recovery |
606.1±22.9 |
608.4±13.9 |
570.0±20.7 |
588.4±17.4 |
Females |
||||
Initial |
284.6±3.5 |
287.7±4.0 |
266.0±3.7 * |
267.4±3.7 * |
End of exposure |
331.5±6.1 |
301.3±5.1 * |
279.4±4.2 * |
283.5±4.3 * |
End of recovery |
336.5±9.9 |
336.3±12.1 |
311.2±9.4 |
321.4±9.7 |
Significantly different from the control * p<0.05
Table 2. Select Relative Organ Weights |
||||
|
Sham Control |
250 mg/m3 |
750 mg/m3 |
1500 mg/m3 |
Males |
||||
Liver After exposure 2 month post exposure |
10.24±0.55 9.67±0.60 |
10.82±0.49 11.56±6.3 * |
10.72±0.48 9.63±0.55 |
13.18±0.51 * 10.61±0.57
|
Lung (wet weight right middle lobe) After exposure 2 month post exposure |
162±8 143±9 |
160±7 148±9 |
173±7 149±8 |
193±7 * 148±8 |
Lung (wet/dry ratio) After exposure 2 month post exposure |
5.64±0.19 5.04±0.20 |
5.55±0.17 5.05±0.22 |
5.36±0.16 5.31±0.19 |
5.52±0.17 6.95±0.20 ** |
Females |
||||
Liver After exposure 2 month post exposure |
10.49±0.72 11.63±0.65 |
11.12±0.89 11.38±0.67 |
10.83±0.47 11.17±0.78 |
11.98±0.92 * 11.41±0.74 |
Lung (wet weight right middle lobe) After exposure 2 month post exposure |
157±10 149±9 |
161±12 157±9 |
171±14 144±11 |
185±13 * 161±11 |
Lung (wet/dry ratio) After exposure 2 month post exposure |
5.53±0.25 4.99±0.23 |
5.35±0.31 4.91±0.23 |
5.15±0.0.33 5.01±0.27 |
5.31±0.32 7.67±0.26 ** |
Significantly different from the control * p<0.05; ** p< 0.0001
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- The sub-chronic inhalation study of diesel fuel (read-across to cracked gas oils) resulted in a conservative sub-chronic NOAEC of 0.88 mg/L determined for local effects on the lung (increased relative wet weight in the absence of histopathological change). A NOAEC of greater than or equal to 1.71 mg/L was established for systemic effects, based on no significant findings at this level.
- Executive summary:
The following study on diesel fuel is included as a source of information for read-across to cracked gas oils. Read across from VGO/HGO/Distillate Fuels is justified based on similar physical/chemical composition and properties to Cracked Gas Oils.
The sub-chronic inhalation toxicity of diesel fuel, including potential effects on neurological and pulmonary function, has been investigated in a well conducted, well reported study in which groups of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed whole body to 250, 750 or 1500 mg/m3aerosol (MMAD 0.43-0.75 microns) 4 hour per day, two days per week for 13 weeks (total of 26 exposures) (analytical concentrations:0.35, 0.88, and 1.71 mg/L). The study also included a sham (chamber) control group and an untreated (animal room) control group, with animals in all groups aged 18-21 weeks at the start of the study. Body weight (all animals) and food consumption (6/sex/dose level) were recorded weekly. Breathing frequency was measured using a barometric method (groups of 12 rats/sex/dose level, temporarily housed in sealed chambers) prior to the first exposure (baseline), before the 14th and 26th exposures (i.e., study weeks 7 and 13), and after one or two months recovery. Startle reflex (assessed by measuring reaction time, peak time and peak height following exposure to five 10 msec pulses of 110 dB noise) was quantified in males only (8/dose) immediately after the first, 14th and 26th exposures (to evaluate acute/short term effects), and in both sexes (8/sex/dose) prior to the 14th and 26th exposures and after one and two months recovery (to assess chronic/cumulative changes). The type and number of free cells present in pulmonary lavage fluid and serum chemistry (alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholesterol, triglyceride, uric acid, urea nitrogen, glucose, bilirubin, creatinine, sodium, potassium) were determined in groups of animals (6/sex/dose) at study termination and following a two-month recovery period. Lung function tests (pulmonary resistance, nitrogen washout, carbon monoxide diffusion, functional reserve capacity, peak expiratory flow, total lung capacity, vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, residual volume, specific compliance) were performed on groups of anaesthetised animals (8/sex/dose level, fitted with a tracheal cannula) after 13 weeks exposure and also following a 2-month recovery period using whole body plethysmography. After completion of the lung function tests, animals were subject to necropsy (including gross examination and collection of organ weight data), followed by histological examination of around 15-20 tissues.
There were no deaths during the exposure phase or during the 2-month recovery period. Animals were described as inactive during treatment but no overt clinical signs were present. Body weight was decreased in both the sham control and the diesel-exposed groups relative to animal room controls at the start of exposure (that is, when the animals were first introduced into the chambers). Exposed animals exhibited a reduced weight gain (relative to the sham control group) until the start of the fourth week of treatment (statistically significant for mid- and high dose males and all exposed females), after which male body weight increased while body weights for females remained relatively static. Terminal body weights (after 25 exposures) were significantly decreased by 7%, 13% and 11% in low-, mid- and high-dose males and by 11%, 17% and 16% in the corresponding groups of females, relative to the sham controls. Body weights for exposed males were comparable to the sham control group by the third week of the recovery period, whereas statistically significant decreases remained in mid- and high-dose females until recovery weeks 7 and 5, respectively. Food intake was significantly decreased by approximately 10-15% in mid- and high dose animals (no difference between the sexes) during study weeks 4-12, but did not differ from that of the sham control group thereafter.
Breathing frequency was indistinguishable between sham control and exposed animals during the test and recovery periods. Results from the startle reflex tests showed that reaction time was statistically significantly increased in high- and mid-dose males immediately after exposure, and in mid-dose females immediately before exposure, however the magnitude of the alteration (2 msec) was small and considered of doubtful toxicological relevance by the study authors. In contrast, statistically significant increases in peak time were present in high dose males (2-4 msec greater than sham controls) at all of the time points investigated, intermittently in mid-dose males (after the 14th exposure, before the 26th exposure, at one month post-exposure; 2-5 msec) and intermittently in low dose males (after the 14th exposure and at the one month into the recovery phase; 2-3 msec). Similar statistically significant increases in peak time (increased 2-4 msec) were also present in high- and mid-dose females and persisted for up to one month post-exposure. The magnitude of these differences (up to 5 msec) lead the authors to conclude that treatment-related decrement in performance was probably present. There was no obvious treatment-related change in the maximum force exerted by the animals following exposure to the noise stimulus.
The number of alveolar macrophages in pulmonary lavage fluid was increased 8-19% in exposed animals of both sexes (significant for low- and high-dose groups), but had resolved by the end of the 2-month recovery period (numbers of other cells unaffected). Pulmonary function tests showed no obvious dose-related difference or trend in lung resistance, multibreath nitrogen washout, single breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, maximal forced exhalation, peak expiratory flow, vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity or specific compliance. Only total lung capacity and residual volume were altered by treatment, with statistically significantly decreases (-7% and -13%, respectively) noted in high-dose animals (both sexes combined) when compared with the sham controls.
Relative liver weight (as a proportion of body weight) was statistically significantly increased in high-dose males (+29%) and females (+14%) at study termination, but comparable to the sham controls by the end of the two month recovery period. Similarly the relative wet weight of the right middle lobe of the lung was increased 18-19% (significant) in high-dose males and females immediately post-exposure, with smaller (non-significant) increases of 7-9% present in the mid-dose groups. Kidney, spleen, adrenal and testis weights were comparable for the sham control and the treated groups. Some clinical chemistry parameters were apparently altered in high-dose animals (LDH, cholesterol and creatinine in females at study termination; LDH in males 2 month post-exposure), however the report discounts the biological relevance of the findings and the data are not reported. Red cell and white cell counts were unaffected.
Histopathological examination of lung revealed no treatment-related lesions, while findings in the kidney (glomerulosclerosis), adrenal (small cortical adenomas) and heart (degeneration of single cardiac fibres) occurred at a similar frequency in control and treated animals and were considered spontaneous phenomena, unrelated to treatment. No treatment-related lesions were present in 15-20 other tissues that were sampled and subjected to microscopic evaluation. This included the nasal turbinates, where no adverse changes were present even in high-dose animals.
These results demonstrate statistically significant alterations in a number of parameters (body weight, food consumption, startle reflex, certain lung function parameters) in rats following sub-chronic inhalation exposure to diesel aerosol, however the magnitude of these changes was small suggesting that they are of doubtful biological relevance. Statistically significant increases in relative liver weight and relative wet lung weight were observed in animals exposed to 1710 mg/m3 (actual concentration) diesel aerosol for 13 weeks, however there was no histopathological involvement, again making the relevance of these findings unclear. It is noted that the use of whole body exposure probably resulted in ingestion of the test sample during grooming, and may account for the systemic findings that were observed. All of the changes present following 13 weeks exposure were reversed after a 2-month recovery period. A conservative sub-chronic NOAEC of 0.88 mg/L is determined for local effects on the lung (increased relative wet weight in the absence of histopathological change). A NOAEC of greater than or equal to 1.71 mg/L is established for systemic effects, based on no significant findings at this level.
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