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EC number: 208-293-9 | CAS number: 520-45-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://poisoncentres.echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- Circa 1950
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
- Objective of study:
- absorption
- toxicokinetics
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Radiolabelling:
- no
- Species:
- monkey
- Strain:
- not specified
- Details on species / strain selection:
- Not specified.
- Sex:
- not specified
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Not specified.
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- olive oil
- Duration and frequency of treatment / exposure:
- 5 days/week for 290-397 days
- Dose / conc.:
- 50 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 200 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose / concentration:
- 1
- Control animals:
- not specified
- Positive control reference chemical:
- Not specified.
- Details on dosing and sampling:
- Not specified.
- Statistics:
- Not specified.
- Type:
- absorption
- Results:
- Peak concentration occurred at 4.5 and 7 days after dosing.
- Details on absorption:
- Peak concentration occurred at 4.5 and 7 days after dosing. Plasma levels were 15, 26 to 33, and 45 to 51 mg/100 ml from lowest to highest dosage and diminished rapidly and progressively from high- to low-dose groups.
- Details on distribution in tissues:
- Not specified.
- Details on excretion:
- Not specified precisely.
- Metabolites identified:
- not specified
- Bioaccessibility (or Bioavailability) testing results:
- Not specified.
- Conclusions:
- Peak concentration occurred at 4.5 and 7 days after dosing. Plasma levels were 15, 26 to 33, and 45 to 51 mg/100 ml from lowest to highest dosage.
Olive oil had no apparent effect on absorption. - Executive summary:
Monkeys (2 per dose group) received oral doses of 50, 100, and 200 mglkg bw/day, 5 days per week, for 290 to 397 days. Dehydroacetic Acid was administered in olive oil to 1 monkey in each group. Plasma concentrations of Dehydroacetic Acid were determined at various intervals after dosing. The peak concentration occurred between 4.5 and 7 hours after dosing (plasma levels at 4 hours from low dose to high were 15, 26 to 33, and 45 to 51 mg/l00 ml, respectively), and diminished rapidly and progressively from high- to low-dose groups. Olive oil apparently had no influence on absorption.
- Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics in vivo
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- Circa 1950
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Objective of study:
- absorption
- toxicokinetics
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Sodium Dehydroacetate (DHA-Na)
- Radiolabelling:
- no
- Species:
- dog
- Strain:
- not specified
- Details on species / strain selection:
- not specified
- Sex:
- not specified
- Route of administration:
- other: Oral and intravenous.
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Duration and frequency of treatment / exposure:
- Sodium Dehydroacetate was administered in a single dose of 160 mg/kg (Dehydroacetic Acid) to each of 4 dogs-2 orally, 2 intravenously. And single intravenous doses of 20 to 480 mg/kg Dehydroacetic Acid (as Sodium Dehydroacetate) were given to
6 dogs. - Dose / conc.:
- 20 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- intermediate doses are assummed from the authors description but not precisely specified.
- Dose / conc.:
- 80 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 160 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 480 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose / concentration:
- 1-6
- Control animals:
- not specified
- Positive control reference chemical:
- Not specified.
- Details on dosing and sampling:
- Not precisely specified.
- Statistics:
- Not specified.
- Type:
- absorption
- Details on absorption:
- The collection and analysis of blood samples revealed rapid absorption, with maximum plasma concentrations (approximately 22 to 26 mg/l00 ml) occurring 1.5 to 2 hours after administration and diminishing slowly thereafter; traces of Dehydroacetic Acid
remained after 3 to 4 days. This slow elimination of Dehydroacetic Acid in the dog was supported by another experiment in which single intravenous doses of 20 to 480 mg/kg Dehydroacetic Acid (as Sodium Dehydroacetate) were given to 6 dogs. Similar results were obtained; Dehydroacetic Acid was detectable after 3 days at doses of 80 mg/kg and above. - Details on distribution in tissues:
- Not specified.
- Details on excretion:
- Not specified.
- Metabolites identified:
- not specified
- Bioaccessibility (or Bioavailability) testing results:
- Not specified.
- Conclusions:
- TK analysis in the dog revealed that peak concentrations of DHA-Na were at 1.5 to 2 hours after dosing (approx. 22 to 26 mg/100ml) and that traces of DHA-Na remained after 3 to 4 days at 80 mg/kg and above.
- Executive summary:
In a basic TK study DHA-Na was administered in a single dose of 160 mg/kg (Dehydroacetic Acid) to each of 4 dogs-2 orally, or intravenously, in a further study phase single IV doses of 20 to 480 mg/kg Dehydroacetic Acid (as Sodium Dehydroacetate) were given to 6 dogs. The collection and analysis of blood samples revealed rapid absorption, with maximum plasma concentrations (approximately 22 to 26 mg/l00 ml) occurring 1.5 to 2 hours after administration and diminishing slowly thereafter; traces of Dehydroacetic Acid remained after 3 to 4 days (doses of 80 mg/kg and above).
- Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- Circa 1950
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
- Objective of study:
- absorption
- toxicokinetics
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Dehydroacetic Acid (DHA-Na)
- Radiolabelling:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- not specified
- Details on species / strain selection:
- Not specified.
- Sex:
- not specified
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Not specified.
- Route of administration:
- oral: feed
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Duration and frequency of treatment / exposure:
- Daily in diet for minmum 12 days - data from a chronic 2-year rat study is also cited in the publication. .
- Dose / conc.:
- 200 ppm (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Dosages in diet: 0.02, 0.05. 0.1 or 0.2% by weight (equivalent to 200, 500, 1000 or 2000 ppm – approx. 10, 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg bw/day) DHA equivalent
- Dose / conc.:
- 500 ppm (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 1 000 ppm (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 2 000 ppm (nominal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose / concentration:
- 12
- Control animals:
- not specified
- Positive control reference chemical:
- Not specified.
- Details on dosing and sampling:
- Rats in four groups of 12 each were fed diets containing 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 percent Dehydroacetic Acid (as Sodium Dehydroacetate). Two rats from each group were killed every 2 days for 12 days, and total Dehydroacetic Acid intake
and blood plasma concentrations were determined. - Statistics:
- Not specified.
- Type:
- absorption
- Details on absorption:
- Plasma concentrations increased correspondingly with increased dose. Maximum plasma concentrations of Dehydroacetic Acid from low dose to high were
approximately 6, 8, 11, and 18 mg/l00 ml, respectively. Mean Dehydroacetic Acid plasma concentrations in rats on a 2-year chronic oral toxicity study were directly related to the
doses of 0.02, 0.05, and 0.1 percent Dehydroacetic Acid. Mean plasma concentrations (determined after 730 days) for the males from low to high dose were
0.4, 1.6, and 5.8 mg/l00 ml, respectively; means for the females were 0.8, 3.2, and 10 mg/l00 ml, respectively. - Details on distribution in tissues:
- Not specified.
- Details on excretion:
- Not specified
- Metabolites identified:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- For DHA-Na fed in the diet to rats at 0.02, 0.05. 0.1 or 0.2% by weight (equivalent to 200, 500, 1000 or 2000 ppm) plasma concentrations of DHA increased correspondingly with increased dose.
Maximum plasma concentrations of Dehydroacetic Acid from low dose to high were approximately 6, 8, 11, and 18 mg/l00 ml, respectively.
In a 2-year rat study measured DHA plasma concentrations were directly related to the doses of 0.02, 0.05, and 0.1 percent Dehydroacetic Acid. - Executive summary:
In basic TK studies conducted in the rat, via the feed, DHA-Na at 0.02, 0.05. 0.1 or 0.2% by weight (equivalent to 200, 500, 1000 or 2000 ppm) led to increased plasma concentrations of DHA corresponding with increased dose. Maximum plasma concentrations of Dehydroacetic Acid from low dose to high were approximately 6, 8, 11, and 18 mg/l00 ml, respectively. In a further study, a 2-year rat study, measured DHA plasma concentrations were directly related to the doses of 0.02, 0.05, and 0.1 percent Dehydroacetic Acid.
- Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- Circa 1950
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
- Objective of study:
- absorption
- toxicokinetics
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- A basic dermal absorption study.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Dehydroacetic acid and sodiun dehydroacetate used.
- Radiolabelling:
- no
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- not specified
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Not specified.
- Route of administration:
- dermal
- Vehicle:
- other: Greaseless ointment base or water.
- Remarks:
- No detail on ointment base - trade name at the time was Neobase.
- Details on exposure:
- On skin for 24 hours.
- Duration and frequency of treatment / exposure:
- Once for 24 hours.
- Dose / conc.:
- 1 other: g/kg
- Remarks:
- 50% suspension DHA
- Dose / conc.:
- 3 other: g/kg
- Remarks:
- 50% suspension DHA
- Dose / conc.:
- 5 other: g/kg
- Remarks:
- 50% suspension DHA or sodiun dehydroacetate in water.
- No. of animals per sex per dose / concentration:
- 2
- Control animals:
- yes
- Positive control reference chemical:
- Not specified.
- Details on study design:
- A skin absorption study in rabbits was conducted by the Draize sleeve technique, with the exception that the animals were not restrained in their cages and the sleeves were wrapped in heavy cloth bandages. After a 24-hour exposure period, the sleeves were removed, and the skin was cleansed with soap and water. All rabbits were observed for 2 weeks afterwards. Dehydroacetic Acid was applied as a 50% suspension in a greaseless ointment base at doses of 1 .0, 3.0, and 5.0 g/kg.
Dehydroacetic Acid was applied as a 50 percent suspension in a greaseless ointment base at doses of 1 .0, 3.0, and 5.0 g/kg. Sodium Dehydroacetate was also applied to 5 animals at a dose of 5.0 g/kg in a water slurry.
All rabbits were observed for 2 weeks afterwards. - Details on dosing and sampling:
- Draize sleeve technique, with the exception that the animals were not restrained in their cages and the sleeves were wrapped in heavy cloth bandages.
No specific detail was included on blood sampling. - Statistics:
- Not specified.
- Type:
- absorption
- Details on absorption:
- Equimolar concentrations of both compounds were absorbed to the same degree from a washable base. Absorption of Dehydroacetic Acid did not differ greatly between washable base or white petrolatum vehicles; approximately 50 percent more Sodium Dehydroacetate was absorbed from the washable base than from the aqueous solution. Doses ranged from 0.01 to 2.0 g/kg, and concentrations of Dehydroacetic Acid applied were 0.1, 1 .0, and 10.0 percent. The plasma Dehydroacetic Acid concentrations increased correspondingly with increasing dose and concentration.
- Details on distribution in tissues:
- Not specified.
- Details on excretion:
- Not specified.
- Metabolites identified:
- not specified
- Bioaccessibility (or Bioavailability) testing results:
- Not specified.
- Conclusions:
- Equimolar concentrations of both compounds were absorbed to the same degree.
Absorption of Dehydroacetic Acid did not differ greatly between washable base or white petrolatum vehicles; approximately 50 percent more Sodium Dehydroacetate was absorbed from the washable base than from the aqueous solution.
The plasma Dehydroacetic Acid concentrations increased correspondingly with increasing dose and concentration. - Executive summary:
Evidence from dermal application (occluded) of either DHA or DHA-Na to rabbits demonstrated absorption through skin. Equimolar concentrations of both compounds were absorbed to about the same degree from a washable base or white petrolatum vehicles. Approximately 50 percent more Sodium Dehydroacetate was absorbed from the washable base than from the aqueous solution. The plasma Dehydroacetic Acid concentrations increased correspondingly with increasing dose and concentration.
- Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics, other
- Remarks:
- Plasma protein binding
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- Circa 1950
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
- Objective of study:
- absorption
- toxicokinetics
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Radiolabelling:
- other: a radioactive label is mentioned for one experiment but little detial given,
- Species:
- other: Rat, Human, and Dog.
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- not specified
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Not specified.
- Route of administration:
- other: Oral ingestion and intravenous.
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Dose / conc.:
- 80 other: mg/kg
- Remarks:
- These dosages are the only ones specified.
- Dose / conc.:
- 240 other: mg/kg
- Dose / conc.:
- 750 other: mg daily
- Remarks:
- Human oral ingestion.
- Control animals:
- not specified
- Positive control reference chemical:
- Not specified.
- Type:
- distribution
- Results:
- Plasma protein binding.
- Conclusions:
- The data suggests that dehydroacetic acid, in rats, human and dogs, is bound to plasma proteins (notably serum albmin and globulins and that the percentage of binding varied inversely with total plasma DHA concentration.
Some data, in the dog, also suggested placental transfer of DHA and possible lactational transfer, however, this was in single animals only. - Executive summary:
DHA was dosed to either rats, dogs or humans, via the oral or intravenous routes at a range of concentrations. The aim of the studies was to examine plasma protein binding of DHA.
The data from the varied studies suggests that dehydroacetic acid, in rats, human and dogs, is bound to plasma proteins (notably serum albmin and globulins) and that the percentage of binding varied inversly with total plasma DHA concentration. Some data, in the dog, also suggested placental transfer of DHA and possible lactational transfer. However, this was in single animals only.
- Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- Circa 1966
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
- Objective of study:
- metabolism
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Radiolabelling:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Not specified.
- Route of administration:
- subcutaneous
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Duration and frequency of treatment / exposure:
- Daily 7-10 days.
- Dose / conc.:
- 200 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose / concentration:
- Not specified.
- Control animals:
- yes
- Positive control reference chemical:
- Not specified.
- Details on study design:
- DHA administered alone or following an intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg hexobarbital - to examine the effects on liver metabolism.
- Statistics:
- Not specified.
- Details on absorption:
- Not specified.
- Details on distribution in tissues:
- Effects demonstrated in the liver.
- Details on excretion:
- Not specified.
- Metabolites identified:
- not specified
- Bioaccessibility (or Bioavailability) testing results:
- Not specified.
- Conclusions:
- Subcutaneous administration of 200 mg/kg DHA had a stimulating effect on drug-metabolizing enzymic activity, reduced the effects induced by hexobarbital injection and induced higher activity of N-demethylation of aminopyrine, hydroxylation of hexobarbital or cyclobarbital, aromatic hydroxylation of aniline, and hydrolysis of parathion by the liver than had controls.
- Executive summary:
In female rats, subcutaneous administration of 200 mg/kg DHA had a stimulating effect on drug-metabolizing enzymic activity, reduced the effects induced by hexobarbital injection and induced higher activity of N-demethylation of aminopyrine, hydroxylation of hexobarbital or cyclobarbital, aromatic hydroxylation of aniline, and hydrolysis of parathion by the liver than had controls. Furthermore, DHA treatment increased the glycogen content but had no effect on the fat content of the liver.
- Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- Circa 1950
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
- Objective of study:
- excretion
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Dehydroacetic acid and Sodium Dehydroacetate.
- Radiolabelling:
- no
- Species:
- other: The publication included, dogs, monkeys and humans.
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- not specified
- Route of administration:
- other: Intravenous bolus and infusion, oral gavage, ingestion.
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Duration and frequency of treatment / exposure:
- Details given in results.
- Dose / conc.:
- 160 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Dog, oral and intravenous
- Dose / conc.:
- 80 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Dog, intravenous
- Dose / conc.:
- 50 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Monkey, oral
- Dose / conc.:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Monkey, oral
- Dose / conc.:
- 200 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Monkey, oral
- Dose / conc.:
- 6.1 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Human, oral, low dose range
- Dose / conc.:
- 12.5 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Human, oral high dose range
- No. of animals per sex per dose / concentration:
- not specified
- Control animals:
- not specified
- Positive control reference chemical:
- not specified
- Details on study design:
- See results.
- Details on dosing and sampling:
- See results.
- Statistics:
- not specified
- Type:
- excretion
- Results:
- See results section below.
- Details on excretion:
- Total urinary excretion was only 15 to 20 percent of single oral and intravenous doses of 160 mg/kg Dehydroacetic Acid (as Sodium Dehydroacetate) to the dog, approximately half of which was excreted in the first 24 hours. After daily oral and intravenous doses of 80 mg/kg Dehydroacetic Acid (as Sodium Dehydroacetate) to 4 dogs, excretion was no greater than 20 percent of the daily dose. Monkeys receiving 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg Dehydroacetic Acid or Sodium Dehydroacetate (doses represent weight of Dehydroacetic Acid) by stomach tube 5 days per week had the same renal elimination of Dehydroacetic Acid as the dog. Samples of urine were collected from 3 men ingesting Dehydroacetic Acid at doses ranging from 6.1 to 12.5 mg/kg per day. The percentage of daily dose recovered in the urine varied between 12.4 and 29.2 (mean of 22.2). Comparatively, this was greater than that in monkeys and dogs. Furthermore, the percentage of dose of Dehydroacetic Acid or Sodium Dehydroacetate eliminated in a 24-hour period was dependent on the plasma concentration and, therefore, on daily intake. During continuous intravenous infusion in the dog of 0.5 mg/kg per minute of Dehydroacetic Acid, maximum clearance was 1 ml per minute at plasma concentrations of 5 to 15 mg/l00 ml.
An experiment on a single dog with calculations based on concentrations of “free” plasma Dehydroacetic Acid demonstrated that 98 to 99 percent of the dose was reabsorbed by the renal tubules. The clearance rates in 2 men ingesting Dehydroacetic Acid daily (1 receiving 200 to 400 mg Dehydroacetic Acid four times per day for 17 days) varied from 0.43 to 2.86 ml per minute (means of 1.49 and 1.14 ml per minute). - Metabolites identified:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Total urinary excretion was only 15 to 20 percent of single oral and intravenous doses of 160 mg/kg Dehydroacetic Acid to the dog, approximately half of which was excreted in the first 24 hours.
After oral and intravenous doses of 80 mg/kg Dehydroacetic Acid to dogs, excretion was no greater than 20% of the daily dose.
Monkeys receiving oral doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg Dehydroacetic Acid or Sodium Dehydroacetate 5 days per week had the same renal elimination of Dehydroacetic Acid as the dog.
The percentage of dose of Dehydroacetic Acid or Sodium Dehydroacetate eliminated in a 24-hour period was dependent on the plasma concentration and, therefore, on daily intake.
In the dog, with calculations based on concentrations of “free” plasma Dehydroacetic Acid, it was shown that 98 to 99% of the dose was reabsorbed by the renal tubules. - Executive summary:
The elimination and excretion of DHA or DHA-Na was studied after administration (oral or intravenous) in man, dogs or monkeys.
Total urinary excretion was only 15 to 20 percent of single oral and intravenous doses of 160 mg/kg Dehydroacetic Acid to the dog, approximately half of which was excreted in the first 24 hours. After oral and intravenous doses of 80 mg/kg Dehydroacetic Acid to dogs, excretion was no greater than 20% of the daily dose. Monkeys receiving oral doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg Dehydroacetic Acid or Sodium Dehydroacetate 5 days per week had the same renal elimination of Dehydroacetic Acid as the dog. The percentage of dose of Dehydroacetic Acid or Sodium Dehydroacetate eliminated in a 24-hour period was dependent on the plasma concentration and, therefore, on daily intake. In the dog, with calculations based on concentrations of “free” plasma Dehydroacetic Acid, it was shown that 98 to 99% of the dose was reabsorbed by the renal tubules.
- Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- Circa 1963
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
- Objective of study:
- excretion
- metabolism
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Basic toxicokinetic evaluation.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- 14C-DHA.
- Radiolabelling:
- yes
- Species:
- other: Rats and rabbits.
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- not specified
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- not specified
- Route of administration:
- other: Oral and subcutaneous and intraperitoneal
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Duration and frequency of treatment / exposure:
- Assumed single dose.
- Dose / conc.:
- 20 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Low dose range, oral dose
- Dose / conc.:
- 70 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- High dose range, oral dose
- Dose / conc.:
- 6.6 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Intraperitoneal
- No. of animals per sex per dose / concentration:
- not specified
- Control animals:
- not specified
- Details on study design:
- See results
- Details on dosing and sampling:
- See results
- Statistics:
- Not specified.
- Type:
- excretion
- Results:
- See other information on results section.
- Type:
- metabolism
- Results:
- See other information on results section.
- Metabolites identified:
- yes
- Details on metabolites:
- See other information on results section.
- Conclusions:
- 14C-Dehydroacetic Acid was not rapidly excreted.
Rabbits excreted 70 to 80% in the urine, 7 to 10% respiratory C02, and 2 to 3% percent in the feces, with 8 to 11% in the tissues.
Rats excreted 20 to 40% in the urine, 10 to 25% in respiratory C02, and 10 to 20% in the feces with 5 to 26% in the tissues.
Four metabolites were identified from rabbit urine: triacetic acid lactone (TAL), a hydroxy-Dehydroacetic Acid, and a compound (designated metabolite X) believed to be the salt of TAL 3-carboxylic acid plus a metabolite designated Y.
Urine from rabbits contained an average of 5% Dehydroacetic Acid of the administered dose, 20% hydroxy-Dehydroacetic Acid, 10% TAL, 0.3% urea, and 20 and 15% of metabolites X and Y, respectively.
Urine from rats contained 5% Dehydroacetic Acid, 8% hydroxy-Dehydroacetic Acid, 1% TAL, and 0.3% urea. The percentages of dose excreted as Dehydroacetic Acid and hydroxy-Dehydroacetic Acid markedly increased with increasing doses, while that of X and Y decreased correspondingly. - Executive summary:
Dehydroacetic Acid (14C labelled) was administered to rats or rabbits either orally, or by injection (sc or ip). Oral doses were 20 to 70 mg/kg whilst ip injection was 6.7 mg/kg (the sc dose was not given).
14C-Dehydroacetic Acid was not rapidly excreted. Rabbits excreted 70 to 80% in the urine, 7 to 10% respiratory C02, and 2 to 3% percent in the feces after 3 to 7 days, leaving 8 to 11% in the tissues. Rats excreted 20 to 40% in the urine, 10 to 25% in respiratory C02, and 10 to 20% in the feces after 4 to 5 days, leaving 5 to 26% in the tissues.
Three metabolites were identified from rabbit urine: triacetic acid lactone (TAL), a hydroxy-Dehydroacetic Acid, and a compound (designated metabolite X) believed to be the salt of TAL 3-carboxylic acid. Another metabolite (designated Y) was detected, determined not to be a pyrone, but not further identified. Dehydroacetic Acid and hydroxy-Dehydroacetic Acid occurred in the urine both as the free compounds and as the 1’-imino derivatives. Urine from rabbits contained an average of 5% Dehydroacetic Acid of the administered dose, 20% hydroxy-Dehydroacetic Acid, 10% TAL, 0.3% urea, and 20 and 15% of metabolites X and Y, respectively. Urine from rats contained 5% Dehydroacetic Acid, 8% hydroxy-Dehydroacetic Acid, 1% TAL, and 0.3% urea. The percentages of dose excreted as Dehydroacetic Acid and hydroxy-Dehydroacetic Acid markedly increased with increasing doses, while that of X and Y decreased correspondingly.
Referenceopen allclose all
Animals of the 1 .0 and 3.0 g/kg groups had only slight and transitory weight loss. One of the two rabbits exposed to the 5.0 g/kg dose died.
Approximately 90 and 98 percent of the Dehydroacetic Acid in rat and human plasma were bound to protein at Dehydroacetic Acid plasma concentrations of 5 to 6 and up to 6 mg/l00 ml, respectively. The maximum absolute binding in the dog was reached at Dehydroacetic Acid plasma concentrations of 70 to 100 mg/l00 ml; higher concentrations had a lower absolute value. The percentage of binding varied inversely with total plasma Dehydroacetic Acid concentration, irrespective of route or duration of administration.
Studies mentioned in the publication showed that Dehydroacetic Acid was mainly associated with serum albumin and to a lesser degree with serum globulins.
Distribution of Dehydroacetic Acid between erythrocytes and plasma was determined in dogs and humans. Samples taken after intravenous administration of 240 mg/kg Dehydroacetic Acid (as Sodium Dehydroacetate) to dogs had a plasma Dehydroacetic Acid concentration two to two and one-half times greater than that of erythrocytes.
In a human ingesting 750 mg Dehydroacetic Acid daily, the ratio of plasma to erythrocytic Dehydroacetic Acid was 1.761.
A dog receiving 80 mg/kg per day Dehydroacetic Acid for 49 days gave birth to a litter of pups. All tissues of 1 new-born examined contained a mean of 13 mg/100 ml Dehydroacetic Acid, demonstrating that the placenta was permeable to Dehydroacetic Acid. The mother and another pup had similar plasma concentrations of Dehydroacetic Acid, 12 and 10 mg/l00 ml, respectively.
Dehydroacetic Acid has been detected in the milk of a post-partum dog that had been receiving Dehydroacetic Acid daily and in the spinal fluid of dog and man.
A man ingesting 1200 mg Dehydroacetic Acid daily for 6 days had a spinal fluid concentration of 2.3 mg/l00 ml. This concentration was comparatively lower than that in dogs (determined to be 19 and 16 mg/l00 ml after intravenous and oral administration of Sodium Dehydroacetate, respectively).
Dehydroacetic Acid produced a stimulating effect on drug-metabolizing enzymic activity.
The administration of Dehydroacetic Acid shortened the duration of the hypnotic state caused by 100 mg/kg hexobarbital injected intraperitoneally. The Dehydroacetic Acid-treated rats had higher activity of N-demethylation of aminopyrine, hydroxylation of hexobarbital or cyclobarbital, aromatic hydroxylation of aniline, and hydrolysis of parathion by the liver than had controls. Dehydroacetic Acid increased the glycogen content but had no effect on the fat content of the liver.
Dehydroacetic Acid labelled with14C (in four positions) was tested in both rats and rabbits. Oral doses of 20 to 70 mg/kg 14CDehydroacetic Acid were not rapidly excreted. Rabbits excreted 70 to 80% of the 14C label in the urine, 7 to 10% respiratory C02, and 2 to 3 percent in the feces after 3 to 7 days, leaving 8 to 11% in the tissues. Rats excreted 20 to 40% in the urine, 10 to 25% in respiratory C02, and 10 to 20% in the feces after 4 to 5 days, leaving 5 to 26% in the tissues. Three metabolites were identified from rabbit urine: triacetic acid lactone (TAL), a hydroxy-Dehydroacetic Acid, and a compound (designated metabolite X) believed to be the salt of TAL 3-carboxylic acid. Another metabolite (designated Y) was detected, determined not to be a pyrone, but not further identified. Dehydroacetic Acid and hydroxy-Dehydroacetic Acid occurred in the urine both as the free compounds and as the 1’-imino derivatives. Urine from rabbits contained an average of 5% Dehydroacetic Acid of the administered dose, 20 percent hydroxy-Dehydroacetic Acid, 10% TAL, 0.3% urea, and 20 and 15% of metabolites X and Y, respectively. Urine from rats contained 5% Dehydroacetic Acid, 8% hydroxy-Dehydroacetic Acid, 1% TAL, and 0.3% urea. The percentages of dose excreted as Dehydroacetic Acid and hydroxy-Dehydroacetic Acid markedly increased with increasing doses, while that of X and Y decreased correspondingly.
Subcutaneous injection of Dehydroacetic Acid resulted in a pattern of metabolite excretion similar to that following oral administration. Dehydroacetic Acid and hydroxy-Dehydroacetic Acid were excreted in the bile because these two compounds, but not TAL, were isolated from the feces and gut contents of rats after subcutaneous injection. In additional experiments using rats, the bile contained an average of 8% of a 6.7 mg/kg intraperitoneally administered dose of 14C-Dehydroacetic Acid.
Description of key information
Study 001: oral gavage study in the monkey; doses 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg bw/day, absorption evident with peak concentrations occurred at 4.5 and 7 days after dosing. Plasma levels were 15, 26 to 33, and 45
to 51 mg/100 ml from lowest to highest dosage and diminished rapidly.
Study 002: oral and intravenous study in the dog, Sodium Dehydroacetate, doses 20, 80, 160 or 480 mg/kg bw/day, analysis of blood samples revealed rapid absorption, with maximum plasma concentrations (approximately 22 to 26 mg/l00 ml) occurring 1.5 to 2 hours after administration and diminishing slowly thereafter; traces of Dehydroacetic Acid remained after 3 to 4 days (doses of 80 mg/kg and above).
Study 003: dietary study in the rat, Sodium Dehydroacetate, doses 0.02, 0.05. 0.1 or 0.2% by weight (equivalent to 200, 500, 1000 or 2000 ppm), plasma concentrations increased with increased dose.
Maximum plasma concentrations of DHA from low dose to high were approximately 6, 8, 11, and 18 mg/l00 ml, respectively. In a 2-year rat study measured DHA plasma concentrations were directly related to the doses of 0.02, 0.05, and 0.1 percent Dehydroacetic Acid.
Study 004: dermal study in the rabbit, 50% suspension DHA or DHA-Na in water doses 1, 3 or 5 g/kg. Both compounds were absorbed to the same degree. Absorption of Dehydroacetic Acid did not differ greatly between washable base or white petrolatum vehicles used; approximately 50 percent more Sodium Dehydroacetate was absorbed from the washable base than from the aqueous solution.
The plasma Dehydroacetic Acid concentrations increased correspondingly with increasing dose and concentration.
Study 005: studies in the rat, human and dog. The data from the varied studies suggests that dehydroacetic acid, in rats, human and dogs, is bound to plasma proteins (notably serum albmin and globulins) and that the percentage of binding varied inversly with total plasma DHA concentration. Some data, in the dog, also suggested placental transfer of DHA and possible lactational transfer. However, this was in single animals only.
Study 006: study in the rat; DHA administered alone (200 mg/kg bw/day) or following an intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg hexobarbital - to examine effects on liver metabolism. DHA had a stimulating effect on drug metabolizing enzymic activity, reduced the effects induced by hexobarbital injection and induced higher activity of N-demethylation of aminopyrine, hydroxylation of hexobarbital or cyclobarbital, aromatic
hydroxylation of aniline, and hydrolysis of parathion by the liver than had controls. DHA also increased the glycogen content but had no effect on the fat content of the liver.
Study 007: key data from the study included dogs and monkeys, treatments were by intravenous bolus injection or infusion or oral gavage. Excretion via the urine was examined. Data from dogs and monkeys were similar with about 15 to 20% excretion via the urine. The percentage of dose of Dehydroacetic Acid or Sodium Dehydroacetate eliminated in a 24-hour period was dependent on the plasma concentration and, therefore, on daily intake.
Study 008: study in the rat and rabbit, via oral, subcutaneous or intraperitoneal routes, radiolabelled test material used. 14C-Dehydroacetic Acid was not rapidly excreted. Rabbits excreted 70 to 80% in the urine, 7 to 10% respiratory C02, and 2 to 3% percent in the feces, with 8 to 11% in the tissues. Rats excreted 20 to 40% in the urine, 10 to 25% in respiratory C02, and 10 to 20% in the feces with 5 to 26% in the tissues. Four metabolites were identified from rabbit urine.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Bioaccumulation potential:
- low bioaccumulation potential
- Absorption rate - oral (%):
- 100
- Absorption rate - dermal (%):
- 50
- Absorption rate - inhalation (%):
- 100
Additional information
The weight of evidence suggests that dehydroacetic acid (DHA) or sodium dehydroacetate are rapidly and well absorbed after oral exposure and may be bound to plasma proteins (albumin and globulins). Data from the rabbit and rat, using 14C labelled test material, suggested that in the rabbit the oral absorption was 87 to 104% and for the rat was 45 to 111%. The weight of evidence from this package of studies suggests that an oral absorption of 90% is a reasonable conservative conclusion to arrive at.
The liver appears to be a target tissue and, in the rat, DHA was demonstrated to have enhanced some elements of liver metabolism. A small number of metabolites were isolated, in one study, but were not completely characterised. There was no conclusive evidence of significant bioaccumulation in specific target organs or tissues and excretion was demonstrated to be mostly via the urine and feces with a significant amount (i.e. as 14C) via respiratory CO2.
A study in the rabbit suggested that dermal absorption of the test material was evident but there was no definitive estimation as to the extent of absorption. However, comparison of the acute oral and dermal toxicity data would suggest that dermal absorption may be significantly less than oral absorption, i.e. the systemic dose of DHA would be markedly different in comparison to a similar dose via the oral route. Taking this into consideration and with reference to both the EFSA 2017 Guidance on dermal absorption (EFSA Journal 2017;15(6):4873)) and the ECHA 2017 Guidance on Information Requirements and Chemical Safety Assessment (Chapter R.7c: Endpoint specific guidance Version 3), a reasonably conservative estimate of dermal absorption can be concluded as 50%.
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