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EC number: 282-544-0 | CAS number: 84254-97-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
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- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
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- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
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- Irritation / corrosion
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- Repeated dose toxicity
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- Carcinogenicity
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- Exposure related observations in humans
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- Additional toxicological data
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Eye irritation
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- eye irritation: in vitro / ex vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- From 2017-03-02 to 2017-03-03
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Remarks:
- Well documented GLP study according to OECD guideline 437 and EU method B.47.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 017
- Report date:
- 2017
Materials and methods
Test guidelineopen allclose all
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 437 (Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test Method for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU method B.47 (Bovine corneal opacity and permeability test method for identifying ocular corrosives and severe irritants)
- Deviations:
- no
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The study procedures were also in compliance with the following guidelines:
- The Ocular Toxicity Working Group (OTWG) of the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) and the National Interagency Centre for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM), Background Review Document (BRD): current status of in vitro test methods for identifying ocular corrosives and severe irritants: The Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) Test Method, March 2006.
- In Vitro Techniques in Toxicology Database (INVITTOX) protocol 127. Bovine Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) Assay, 2006.
- Gautheron P, Dukic M, Alix D and Sina J F, Bovine corneal opacity and permeability test: An in vitro assay of ocular irritancy. Fundam Appl Toxicol 18:442-449, 1992. - GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- 1'-(phenylmethyl)-[1,4'-bipiperidine]-4'-carbonitrile
- EC Number:
- 282-544-0
- EC Name:
- 1'-(phenylmethyl)-[1,4'-bipiperidine]-4'-carbonitrile
- Cas Number:
- 84254-97-7
- Molecular formula:
- C18H25N3
- IUPAC Name:
- 1'-benzyl-[1,4'-bipiperidine]-4'-carbonitrile
- Test material form:
- solid: particulate/powder
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- SOURCE OF TEST MATERIAL
- Source and lot/batch No.of test material: I15IB3393
- Expiration date of the lot/batch:2017-08-19 (retest date)
- Purity test date: no data
STABILITY AND STORAGE CONDITIONS OF TEST MATERIAL
- Storage condition of test material: At room temperature
- Stability under test conditions: no data
TREATMENT OF TEST MATERIAL PRIOR TO TESTING
- Treatment of test material prior to testing: The correction factor is not applicable for the BCOP test, therefore no correction was made for the purity of the test item. Since no workable suspension of the test item in physiological saline could be obtained (sonication for 18 minutes had no effect), the test item was used as delivered by the sponsor and added pure on top of the corneas. As the lumps did not prevent optimal contact to the cornea the test item was applied as it is.
Test animals / tissue source
- Species:
- other: bovine eyes
- Strain:
- other: not applicable
- Details on test animals or tissues and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: bovine eyes from young cattle were obtained from the slaughterhouse (Vitelco, -'s Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands), where the eyes were excised by a slaughterhouse employee as soon as possible after slaughter. Bovine eyes were used as soon as possible but within 4 hours after slaughter. Eyes were collected and transported in physiological saline in a suitable container under cooled conditions and tested the day of arrival in the laboratory.
Test system
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Controls:
- yes, concurrent positive control
- yes, concurrent negative control
- Amount / concentration applied:
- TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): 375 to 421 mg
VEHICLE
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): 750 µL
NEGATIVE CONTROL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): 750 µL
POSITIVE CONTROL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): 750 µL
- Concentration (if solution): 20% (w/v) imidazole solution - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Corneas were incubated for 240 ± 10 minutes at 32 ± 1°C
- Duration of post- treatment incubation (in vitro):
- After 240 ± 10 minutes of treatment, opacity was measured with an opacitometer. The permeability measurement of the corneas was performed following the opacity measurement after the incubation period of 90 minutes ± 5 minutes in 1 ml of 5 mg Na-fluorescein/ml cMEM solution.
- Number of animals or in vitro replicates:
- Three corneas were selected at random for each treatment group
- Details on study design:
- SELECTION AND PREPARATION OF CORNEAS
The eyes were checked for unacceptable defects, such as opacity, scratches, pigmentation and neovascularization by removing them from the physiological saline and holding them in the light. Those exhibiting defects were discarded.
The isolated corneas were stored in a petri dish with cMEM (Eagle’s Minimum Essential Medium (Life Technologies, Bleiswijk, The Netherlands) containing 1% (v/v) L-glutamine (Life Technologies) and 1% (v/v) Foetal Bovine Serum (Life Technologies)). The isolated corneas were mounted in a corneal holder (one cornea per holder) of BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany) with the endothelial side against the O-ring of the posterior half of the holder. The anterior half of the holder was positioned on top of the cornea and tightened with
screws. The compartments of the corneal holder were filled with cMEM of 32 ± 1°C. The corneas were incubated for the minimum of 1 hour at 32 ± 1°C.
After the incubation period, the medium was removed from both compartments and replaced with fresh cMEM.
TREATMENT METHOD:
The medium from the anterior compartment was removed and 750 µL of either the negative control, positive control (20% (w/v) Imidazole solution) were was introduced onto the epithelium of the cornea. The test item was weighed in a bottle and applied directly on the corneas in such a way that the cornea was completely covered. The holder was slightly rotated, with the corneas maintained in a horizontal position, to ensure uniform distribution of the solutions over the entire cornea. Corneas were incubated in a horizontal position for 240 ± 10 minutes at 32 ± 1°C.
REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
- Number of washing steps after exposure period: After the incubation the solutions and the test compound were removed and the epithelium was washed at least three times with MEM with phenol red (Eagle’s Minimum Essential Medium Life Technologies). Possible pH effects of the test item on the corneas were recorded. Each cornea was inspected visually for dissimilar opacity patterns. The medium in the posterior compartment was removed and both compartments were refilled with fresh cMEM and the opacity determinations were performed.
METHODS FOR MEASURED ENDPOINTS:
- Corneal opacity: Opacity determinations were performed on each of the corneas using an opacitometer (BASF-OP3.0, BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany). The opacity of each cornea was read against an air filled chamber, and the initial opacity reading thus determined was recorded. Corneas that had an initial opacity reading higher than 3 were not used. Three corneas were selected at random for each treatment group.
The opacity of a cornea was measured by the diminution of light passing through the cornea. The light was measured as illuminance (l = luminous flux per area, unit: lux) by a light meter. The opacity value (measured with the device OP-KIT) was calculated according to:
opacity = ((I0/I)-0.9894)/0.0251
With I0 the empirically determined illuminance through a cornea holder but with windows and medium, and I the measured illuminance through a holder with cornea before/after test item treatment.
The change of opacity for each individual cornea (including the negative control) was calculated by subtracting the initial opacity reading from the final post-treatment reading. The corrected opacity for each positive control or test item treated cornea was calculated by subtracting the average change in opacity of the negative control corneas from the change in opacity of each positive control or test item treated cornea.
The mean opacity value of each treatment group was calculated by averaging the corrected opacity values of the treated corneas for each treatment group.
- Corneal permeability: passage of sodium fluorescein dye measured with the aid of microtiter plate reader (OD490)
The medium of both compartments (anterior compartment first) was removed. The posterior compartment was refilled with fresh cMEM. The anterior compartment was filled with 1 mL of 5 mg Na-fluorescein/mL cMEM solution (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Germany). The holders were slightly rotated, with the corneas maintained in a horizontal position, to ensure uniform distribution of the sodium-fluorescein solution over the entire cornea. Corneas were incubated in a horizontal position for 90 ± 5 minutes at 32 ± 1°C.
After the incubation period, the medium in the posterior compartment of each holder was removed and placed into a sampling tube labelled according to holder number. 360 μL of the medium from each sampling tube was transferred to a 96-well plate. The optical density at 490 nm (OD490) of each sampling tube was measured in triplicate using a microplate reader (TECAN Infinite® M200 Pro Plate Reader). Any OD490 that was 1.500 or higher was diluted to bring the OD490 into the acceptable range (linearity up to OD490 of 1.500 was verified before the start of the experiment). OD490 values of less than 1.500 were used in the permeability calculation.
The mean OD490 for each treatment was calculated using cMEM corrected OD490 values. If a dilution was performed, the OD490 of each reading was corrected for the mean negative control OD490 before the dilution factor was applied to the readings.
SCORING SYSTEM: In Vitro Irritancy Score (IVIS)
The mean opacity and mean permeability values (OD490) were used for each treatment group to calculate an in vitro score:
In vitro irritancy score (IVIS) = mean opacity value + (15 x mean OD490 value)
Additionally the opacity and permeability values were evaluated independently to determine whether the test item induced irritation through only one of the two endpoints.
The IVIS cut-off values for identifying the test items as inducing serious eye damage (UN GHS Category 1) and test items not requiring classification for eye irritation or serious eye damage (UN GHS No Category) are given hereafter:
In vitro score range UN GHS
≤ 3 No Category
> 3; ≤ 55 No prediction can be made
>55 Category 1
Results and discussion
In vitro
Resultsopen allclose all
- Irritation parameter:
- in vitro irritation score
- Run / experiment:
- 1
- Value:
- 15.8
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not applicable
- Negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Remarks on result:
- other: Individual values (11.3, 24.1 and 11.9)
- Irritation parameter:
- cornea opacity score
- Run / experiment:
- 1
- Value:
- 4.4
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not applicable
- Negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Remarks on result:
- other: Individual values (5.0, 6.0, and 2.3)
- Irritation parameter:
- other: permeability value
- Run / experiment:
- 1
- Value:
- 0.758
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not applicable
- Negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Remarks on result:
- other: Individual values (0.426, 1.209, and 0.639)
- Other effects / acceptance of results:
- mean in vitro irritancy score (range):
negative control: 2.4 (2.0 - 2.6)
positive control: 195.2 (182.4 - 212.5)
mean opacity scores (range):
negative control: 2.0 (1.7 - 2.4)
positive control: 166.3 (157.7 - 171.2)
mean permeability scores (range):
negative control: 0.023 (0.014 - 0.033)
positive control: 1.931 (1.310 - 2.835)
No pH effect of the test item was observed on the rinsing medium.
Interpretation:
The IVIS of all replicates was within one category.
Discussion:
The negative control responses for opacity and permeability were less than the upper limits of the laboratory historical range indicating that the negative control did not induce irritancy on the corneas. The mean in vitro irritancy score of the positive control (20% (w/v) Imidazole) was 195 (182 to 213) and within the historical positive control data range. Furthermore the permeability values of the positive control were within two standard deviations of the current historical mean. Two out of 3 positive control eyes had an opacity above the historical control mean plus two standard deviations. Since all other acceptance criteria were met and mean IVIS of the positive control eyes was within the historical control data range this does have no effect on the study outcome. It was therefore concluded that the test conditions were adequate and that the test system functioned properly.
The test item induced ocular irritation through both endpoints, resulting in a mean in vitro irritancy score of 16 (11 to 24) after 240 minutes of treatment.
Since the test item induced an IVIS > 3 ≤ 55, no prediction on the classification can be made.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Interpretation of results:
- study cannot be used for classification
- Conclusions:
- The test item induced ocular irritation through both endpoints, resulting in a mean in vitro irritancy score of 16 (11 to 24) after 240 minutes of treatment.
Since the test item induced an IVIS > 3 ≤ 55, no prediction on the classification can be made.
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