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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 234-842-7 | CAS number: 12036-22-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://poisoncentres.echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_ecotoxicological-information.png)
Long-term toxicity to fish
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- fish early-life stage toxicity
- Type of information:
- read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2008-12-30 to 2010-02-12
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Remarks:
- GLP and Guideline study, well documented. The reliability of this study for the substance tested is a K1, but in application of read-across to a different substance ECHA’s guidance specifies that the score can be a maximum of K2. Due to similar or lower transformation/dissolution results for tungsten blue oxide (the target substance) than sodium tungstate (the source substance), the resulting toxicity potential would also be expected to be similar or lower, so read-across is appropriate. In addition, read-across is justified because the classification and labeling is the same or less severe for the target substance PBT/vPvB profile is the same. Finally, the dose descriptors are, or are expected to be, sufficiently similar or higher for the target substance, and read-across to the source chemical is adequately protective. For more details refer to the attached description of the read across approach.
- Justification for type of information:
- 1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE CATEGORY APPROACH: The hypothesis is that properties are likely to be similar or follow a similar pattern because of the presence of a common metal ion, in this case tungstate.
2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES):
Source: Sodium tungstate
Target: Tungsten dioxide
3. CATEGORY APPROACH JUSTIFICATION: See Annex 3 in CSR
4. DATA MATRIX: See Annex 3 in CSR - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 210 (Fish, Early-Life Stage Toxicity Test)
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- - Concentrations: All concentrations
- Sampling method: The water concentration of the test substance was measured in test solution samples collected prior to initiation (Day –N) and on Days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 38 of the definitive test and used to calculate the concentration of sodium tungstate in the samples. A volume of 10 mL was collected from each control and test substance replicate at each sample point and transferred to a culture tube. Each 10-mL sample was diluted as necessary with 2% HNO3 to provide final sample concentrations within the analytical standard concentration range. The samples were then capped and shaken to mix prior to analysis by ICP-MS.
- Sample storage conditions before analysis: All samples were directly analyzed using a inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). - Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method: Diluter stock solutions were prepared at a target nominal concentration of 975 mg/L. Diluter stock solutions were prepared approximately every two days by adding target weights of 3.9039 g of sodium tungstate to 20-mL glass scintillation vials. The contents of the vials were quantitatively transferred with reagent water into approximately 5.5-L glass carboys containing approximately 3 L of reagent water. The solution was brought to a 4 L volume with additional ABC reagent water. The solutions were vigorously swirled and then sonicated for approximately 10 minutes. The carboy was periodically removed and swirled during sonication until the solution appeared clear and colorless. The FMI, Micro IIpetter, metering pump introduced 40-mL volumes of the diluter stock solution to the diluter system where the solution was diluted with approximately 3,860 mL of dilution water.
- Controls: yes- dlution water
- Evidence of undissolved material (e.g. precipitate, surface film, etc): All test solutions were clear and colorless with no visible particulate material, surface film, undissolved test substance, or precipitate throughout the test. - Test organisms (species):
- Danio rerio (previous name: Brachydanio rerio)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Zebra fish
- Strain: N/A
- Source: In-house culture
METHOD FOR PREPARATION AND COLLECTION OF FERTILIZED EGGS
- Numbers of parental fish (i.e. of females used to provide required number of eggs): No data
- Method of collection of fertilised eggs: No data
- Subsequent handling of eggs: distributed into egg cups for testing
POST-HATCH FEEDING
- Start date: Test day 4
- Type/source of feed: larval fish food supplement, live rotifers, and live brine shrimp nauplii. Larval food and rotifers to day 16, brine shrimp added on day 7, rotifers discontinued at day 17. Food quantity increased during testing based on fish size.
- Amount given: ad libitum(larval fish food)
- Frequency of feeding: 3 times daily - Test type:
- flow-through
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 38 d
- Remarks on exposure duration:
- 32 days post-hatch
- Post exposure observation period:
- none
- Hardness:
- 136-148 mg CaCO3/L
- Test temperature:
- 24.3-25.0 ⁰C
- pH:
- 8.2-8.3
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 6.7-8.2 mg/L (85-104% saturation)
- Salinity:
- N/A
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal- Control, 0.63, 1.3, 2.5, 5.0, and 10 mg/L.
Mean measured- Control, 0.623, 1.2, 2.58, 4.74, and 9.82 mg/L. - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Emybro cups (if used, type/material, size, fill volume): glass, 9 cm diameter, Nitex screen bottoms, suspended and oscillated vertically in the aquaria. On day 7, all live fry and unhatched embryos were transferred from the egg cup to a basket made of a Petri dish base with a Nitex screen collar that extended above the water line. Incurrent of test solution was directed into the basket. Fry were left in the basket 6 days, then transferred via pipet to the test chamber.
- Test vessel:
- Type (delete if not applicable): open
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 5 L glass aquaria
- Aeration: no
- Type of flow-through (e.g. peristaltic or proportional diluter): 2 L Mount and Brungs type proportional diluter
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): 5.3 volume additions/24 hours
- No. of fertilized eggs/embryos per vessel: 20
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 4
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 4
- No. of vessels per vehicle control (replicates): N/A
- Biomass loading rate: 0.0188 g/L/day
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: blend of naturally hard well water with RO well water
- Total organic carbon: No data
- Particulate matter: No data
- Metals: <0.010 mg/L
- Pesticides: <0.040 mg/L
- Chlorine: No data
- Alkalinity: No data
- Ca/mg ratio: No data
- Conductivity: No data
- Salinity: N/A
- Culture medium different from test medium: no
- Intervals of water quality measurement:
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: no data
- Photoperiod: 16-hr light/ 8- hr dark
- Light intensity:471 to 546 lux
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : time to hatch, overall hatching success, post hatch survival, growth (standard length and blotted wet weight)
VEHICLE CONTROL PERFORMED: no
RANGE-FINDING STUDY
- Test concentrations: nominal concentrations of 0 (control), 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 16 mg sodium tungstate/L.
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: Egg hatchability was 95, 98, 98, 95, 98, and 98% in the 0 (control), 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 16 mg /L, respectively. Fry mortality at the end of the 21 day exposure was 31, 18, 41, 20, 38, and 7% in the 0 (control), 11.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 16 mg/L, respectively. - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Key result
- Duration:
- 38 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 10 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- other: sodium tungstate (calculated)
- Basis for effect:
- other: hatching success, time to hatch, post hatch survival, growth (standard length and blotted wet weight), mortality, morphology, and behavior
- Remarks on result:
- other: The mean calculated concentrations in the test solutions represented recoveries of 92 to 103% of the nominal concentrations. Results were therefore based on nominal concentrations, as sodium tungstate.
- Key result
- Duration:
- 38 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- > 10 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- other: sodium tungstate (calculated)
- Basis for effect:
- other: hatching success, time to hatch, post hatch survival, growth (standard length and blotted wet weight), mortality, morphology, and behavior
- Remarks on result:
- other: The mean calculated concentrations in the test solutions represented recoveries of 92 to 103% of the nominal concentrations. Results were therefore based on nominal concentrations, as sodium tungstate.
- Key result
- Duration:
- 38 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 9.8 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- other: sodium tungstate
- Basis for effect:
- other: hatching success, time to hatch, post hatch survival, growth (standard length and blotted wet weight), mortality, morphology, and behavior
- Details on results:
- - Mortality/survival at embryo and larval stages: no mortality
- Overall mortality/survival: 88-95% survival in treatments. No statistical difference from control.
- Days to hatch and numbers hatched: 95% hatch by day 6
- Data for length and weight of surviving fish: There was no statistically significant reduction in standard length or mean blotted wet weights observed as compared to the control.
- Type of and number with morphological abnormalities: none by test termination
- Type of and number with behavioural abnormalities: none by test termination
- Other biological observations: none
- Effect concentrations exceeding solubility of substance in test medium: none
- Incidents in the course of the test which might have influenced the results: none - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- N/A
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The NOEC and LOEC for egg hatchability and survival were calculated with Fisher's exact test. The NOEC and LOEC for length and weight were calculated with ANOVA and one-tailed Dunnett's procedure. Shapiro-Wilk's and Levene's tests were used as appropriate. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS software.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- In a flow-through, early-life stage test using zebrafish and testing sodium tungstate, the NOEC was found to be greater than or equal to the highest concentration tested (≥9.8 mg sodium tungstate/L or approximately 5.74 mg W ion/L). The mean calculated concentrations in the test solutions represented recoveries of 92 to 103% of the nominal concentrations.
- Executive summary:
No chronic toxicity to fish data of sufficient quality are available for tungsten dioxide (target substance). However, chronic toxicity to fish data are available for sodium tungstate (source substance), which will be used for read-across. Due to lower water solubility and lower toxicity for the target substance compared to the source substance, the resulting read-across from the source substance to the target substance is appropriate as a conservative estimate of potential toxicity for this endpoint. In addition, read-across is appropriate because the classification and labelling is more protective for the source substance than the target substance, the PBT/vPvB profile is the same, and the dose descriptors are, or are expected to be, lower for the source substance. For more details, refer to the read-across category approach included in the Category section of this IUCLID submission and/or as Annex (3) in the CSR.
Reference
N/A
Description of key information
Tungsten dioxide was not tested for chronic toxicity to fish, and read-across to sodium tungstate was used for this endpoint. In a flow-through, early-life stage test using zebrafish and testing sodium tungstate, the NOEC was found to be greater than or equal to the highest concentration tested (≥9.8 mg sodium tungstate/L or approximately 5.74 mg W/L). The mean calculated concentrations in the test solutions represented recoveries of 92 to 103% of the nominal concentrations.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water fish
Fresh water fish
- Effect concentration:
- 5.74 mg/L
Additional information
Due to similar or lower transformation/dissolution results for tungsten dioxide (the target substance) than sodium tungstate (the source substance), the resulting toxicity potential would also be expected to be similar or lower, so read-across is appropriate. In addition, read-across is justified because the classification and labelling is less severe for the target substance, and the PBT/vPvB profile is the same. Finally, the dose descriptors are, or are expected to be, sufficiently similar or higher for the target substance, and read-across to the source chemical is adequately protective. For more details refer to the description of the read-across category approach.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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