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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 227-815-6 | CAS number: 5989-54-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Aquatic organisms
- Several studies were conducted and validated on daphnia and fish with d-limonene, the enantiomer of l-limonene. The available EC50 for daphnia were 0.36 mg/L, 0.924 mg/L, and 0.577 mg/L. The available fish LC50 were 0,702 mg/l and 0.720 mg/L. These studies were conducted in flow through conditions or static conditions, however always with analytical monitoring of the tested concentrations. The acute toxicity of the orange oil orangenöl WMB towards the algaeDesmodesmus subspicatuswas investigated according to OECD guideline 201 using WAFs, under GLP. The 72h-ECr50 and 72h-NOECr were circa 8 and 2.6 mg/L (measured, hydrocarbons), respectively. The composition of orange oil is considered to be > 90% of d-limonene however no substance purity was reported in this test.
- Data were also available on dipentene, containing dl-limonene racemic form, from the Japan Ministry (formerly MITI). The acute toxicity values belong to the same range than d-limonene: daphnia: 48h-EC50 = 0.7 mg/L, fish 96h-LC50 = 1.1 mg/L, algae 72h-ECr50 > 1.6 mg/L. Chronic values were also measured for daphnia: 21day-EC50= 0.49 mg/L, 21 day-NOEC= 0.27 mg/L and algae 72h-NOECr= 1.6 mg/L. The MITI studies on which we have little information, were conducted in conditions that were accurate enough to measure effects at the very low concentrations levels corresponding to the one measured in the d-limonene validated study. It reveals that the properties of the substance as regard to degradation or volatilisation were taken into account and/or the real concentrations measured. Therefore the studies were evaluated as non assignable but coming from a reliable source.
-The software ECOSAR was used to assess the toxicity of l-limonene. The substance was assessed based on the measured logKow value and the water solubility of d-limonene because it is expected that these values are similar for both enantiomers. The results for the acute toxicity were 0.678 and 0.115 mg/L for 48h-LC50 and chronic daphnia, respectively, 0.845 mg/L for 96h-LC50 fish, 0.904 and 0.514 mg/L for 96h-EC50 and chronic algae, respectively. These results are similar to the experimental results with dipentene and d-limonene with only lower toxicity values calculated for algae.
From these results, it can be concluded that the toxicity of the two enantiomers, d and l limonene, regarding daphnids and fish is similar and that d-limonene and dipentene can be used as analogue of l-limonene in a read-across approach to fill data gaps. Among these studies, the geometric mean 96h-LC50 of 0,71 mg/L for fish, the lowest 48h-EC50 of 0,36 mg/L and the 21d-NOEC= 0.27 mg/L for daphnia are considered as the relevant values to be used for the purpose of risk assessment and classification and labelling. Nevertheless, for algae the lower estimated values, 72h-ErC and 72h-NOErC of 0.904 and 0.514 mg/L,for l-limonene with ECOSAR is prefered as more conservative values because detailed information on the purity of d-limonene and dipentene in the available tests is missing
Additional information
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