Zinc ferrite brown spinel

Short-term toxicity to fish

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Guideline study with acceptable restrictions

Justification for type of information:

see attachment "Read-across justification-environ assessment-iron oxides" and “Endpoint-specific read-across justification for nano forms of iron oxide, 2021” attached in IUCLID section 13.

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: Proposed procedure by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling, (May 1984), LC0, LC50, LC100, 48-96h

GLP compliance:

no

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

no

Test organisms (species):

Danio rerio (previous name: Brachydanio rerio)

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC0

Effect conc.:

>= 50 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

other: LC90

Effect conc.:

ca. 100 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Remarks:

Since the test in parts is poorly reported the validity criteria cannot be assessed sufficiently. Nevertheless the test is considered as valid based on the data given.

Conclusions:

Within 96 hours no effect (LC0) on Brachydanio rerio was observed up to a concentration of >/= 50000 mg/l.

Executive summary:

Within 96 hours no effect (LC0) of diiron trioxide on Brachydanio rerio (new name: Danio rerio) was observed up to a concentration of >/= 50000 mg/L, and a 96-hour LC90 of about 100000 mg/L was obtained. The method used was a proposed procedure for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling. (Federal Environmental Agency Germany May 1984).

The study was performed with concentrations of 10000 mg/L, 20000 mg/L, 50000 mg/L and 100000 mg/L in a static test. The report value related to nominal concentrations, as no analytical monitoring was carried out. Effect concentrations were calculated using the probit analysis.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: GLP guideline study

Justification for type of information:

see attachment "Read-across justification-environ assessment-iron oxides" and “Endpoint-specific read-across justification for nano forms of iron oxide, 2021” attached in IUCLID section 13.

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Directive 92/69/EEC, C.1, equivalent to the OECD 203

GLP compliance:

yes

Analytical monitoring:

no

Test organisms (species):

Danio rerio (previous name: Brachydanio rerio)

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

yes

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

other: LL 0 (= Lethal loading)

Effect conc.:

>= 10 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Remarks:

The mortality in the controls must not exceed 10% by the end of the test. The dissolved oxygen concentration must have been more than 60% of the air-saturation value troughout the study. The pH should not vary by more than 1 unit.

Conclusions:

For triiron tetraoxide a 96-hour LL0 (lethal loading) of >/= 10000 mg/L (nominal concentration) was observed on Brachydanio rerio.

Executive summary:

Directive 92/69/EEC, C.1, equivalent to the OECD 203 was the method used.

A group of 10 fish of the recommended size were exposed to a limit test concentration of nominally 10000 mg/L of test substance dissolved in water. Observations were made on the numbers of dead fish and the incidence of sub-lethal effects after 2, 24, 48, and 96 h of exposure.

For triiron tetraoxide a 96-hour LL0 (lethal loading) of >/= 10000 mg/L (nominal concentration) was observed on Brachydanio rerio.

Reference 3

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Guideline study with acceptable restrictions

Justification for type of information:

see attachment "Read-across justification-environ assessment-iron oxides" and “Endpoint-specific read-across justification for nano forms of iron oxide, 2021” attached in IUCLID section 13.

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Method: other: Proposed procedure by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling, (May 1984), LC 0, LC50, LC100, 48-96h

GLP compliance:

no

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

no

Test organisms (species):

Danio rerio (previous name: Brachydanio rerio)

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

yes

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC0

Effect conc.:

>= 10 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

other: LC80

Effect conc.:

ca. 13 333 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC100

Effect conc.:

20 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Reference 4

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Guideline study

Justification for type of information:

see attachment "Read-across justification-environ assessment-iron oxides" and “Endpoint-specific read-across justification for nano forms of iron oxide, 2021” attached in IUCLID section 13.

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: Proposed procedure by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling, (May 1984), LC 0, LC50, LC100, 48-96h

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

no

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

no

Test organisms (species):

Danio rerio (previous name: Brachydanio rerio)

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC0

Effect conc.:

>= 100 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

other: Mortality and behaviour

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Remarks:

Since the test is poorly reported the validity criteria cannot be assessed sufficiently. Nevertheless the test is considered as valid based on the data given.

Conclusions:

Mortality and behaviour of Brachydanio rerio were not affected by Bayferrox 303 T black during 96 h testing at a concentration of 100000 mg/L. The fish toxicity of manganese ferrite was determined according the guideline Proposed procedure by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling, (May 1984), LC0, LC50, LC100, 48-96h.

Executive summary:

Groups of ten fish were exposed to a test concentration of 10, 33.3, 50 and 100 g/L of Bayferrox 330 T schwarz. Observations were made on the numbers of dead fish and the incidence of sub-lethal effects after 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of exposure.

Mortality and behaviour of Brachydanio rerio were not affected by Bayferrox 303 T black during 96 h testing at a concentration of 100000 mg/L. The fish toxicity of manganese ferrite was determined according the guideline Proposed procedure by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling, (May 1984), LC0, LC50, LC100, 48-96h.

LC0 >/= 100000 mg/L.

Reference 5

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Guideline study

Justification for type of information:

see attachment "Read-across justification-environ assessment-iron oxides" and “Endpoint-specific read-across justification for nano forms of iron oxide, 2021” attached in IUCLID section 13.

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: Proposed procedure by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling, (May 1984), LC 0, LC50, LC100, 48-96h

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

no

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

no

Test organisms (species):

Danio rerio (previous name: Brachydanio rerio)

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC0

Effect conc.:

>= 10 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Remarks:

Mortality in control < 5%

Conclusions:

Within 96 hours no effect (LC0) on Brachydanio rerio was observed up to a concentration of >/= 10000 mg/L. The method used was a proposed procedure for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling (Federal Environmental Agency Germany May 1984).

Executive summary:

The study was performed to assess the acute toxicity of diiron trioxide to Danio rerio under static conditions. The study was conducted in accordance with the UBA test protocol: Letale Wirkung beim Zebrabaerbling Brachydanio rerio, (LC 0, LC50, LC 100; 48 -96 h) Stand MAi 1984, which is comparable to the OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicaks No. 203 "Fish, Acute Toxicity test".

Groups of ten fish were exposed to a test concentration of 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 g/L diiron trioxide. Observations were made on the numbers of dead fishand the incidence of sublethal effects after 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of exposure. The test was conucted with 10 animals per test concentration and one control. No feeding was performed during the exposure period and the test sytsem was static. Up to 96 h the value for LC0 was >/= 10 g/L.

Reference 6

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Guideline study

Justification for type of information:

see attachment "Read-across justification-environ assessment-iron oxides" and “Endpoint-specific read-across justification for nano forms of iron oxide, 2021” attached in IUCLID section 13.

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 203 (Fish, Acute Toxicity Test)

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Method: other: Proposed procedure by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling, (May 1984), LC 0, LC50, LC100, 48-96h

GLP compliance:

no

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

no

Test organisms (species):

Danio rerio (previous name: Brachydanio rerio)

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC0

Effect conc.:

>= 100 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Remarks:

Since the test is poorly reported the validity criteria cannot be assessed sufficiently. Nevertheless the test is considered as valid based on the data given.

Conclusions:

For iron hydroxide oxide within 96 hours no effect (LC0) on Brachydanio rerio was observed up to a concentration of 100000 mg/l.

Executive summary:

For iron hydroxide oxide within 96 hours no effect (LC0) on Brachydanio rerio was observed up to a concentration of 100000 mg/L. The method used was a proposed procedure for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling. (Federal Environmental Agency Germany May 1984), (Bayer AG 1989).

A group of 10 fish of the recommended size were exposed to a static test conditions of nominal concentartions of 10000, 20000, 50000, and 100000 mg/L of test substance dissolved in water. Observations were made on the numbers of dead fish and the incidence of sub-lethal effects after 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of exposure.

Reference 7

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Guideline study with accepted scientific principles

Justification for type of information:

see attachment "Read-across justification-environ assessment-iron oxides" and “Endpoint-specific read-across justification for nano forms of iron oxide, 2021” attached in IUCLID section 13.

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: Proposed procedure by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling, (May 1984), LC0, LC50, LC100, 48-96h

GLP compliance:

no

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

no

Test organisms (species):

Danio rerio (previous name: Brachydanio rerio)

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC0

Effect conc.:

>= 100 000 mg/L

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Remarks:

Since the test is poorly reported the validity criteria cannot be assessed sufficiently. Nevertheless the test is considered as valid based on the data given.

Conclusions:

On Brachydanio rerio (new name: Danio rerio) a 96 -hour LC0 was observed at a concentration of >/= 100000 mg/L. The fish toxicity of zinc ferrite was determined according the guideline Proposed procedure by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling, (May 1984), LC0, LC50, LC100, 48-96h.

Executive summary:

LC0 >/= 100000 mg/L.

Groups of ten fish were xeposed to a test concentration of 10, 33.3, 50 and 100 g/L of zinc ferrite. Observations were made on the numbers of dead fish and the incidence of sub-lethal effects after 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of exposure. The concentrations mentioned are nominal. No analytical monitoring was performed.

On Brachydanio rerio (new name: Danio rerio) a 96 -hour LC0 was observed at a concentration of >/= 100000 mg/L. The fish toxicity of zinc ferrite was determined according the guideline Proposed procedure by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling, (May 1984), LC0, LC50, LC100, 48-96h.

Description of key information

Applying read-across to micro- and nano-sized iron (hydr)oxides (see attachment "Read-across justification-environ assessment-iron oxides" in section 13), micro-sized iron (hydr)oxides are not considered acutely toxic to fish. Respective 96-h LC50 values for the toxicity of micro- and nano-sized iron (hydr)oxides to Danio rerio range from > 10,000 mg/L to > 100,000 mg/L, a concentration that is 1000-fold above the corresponding OECD test limit.

Additional information

For micro- and nano-sized iron (hydr)oxides, seven reliable studies on short-term toxicity to fish are available. No acute toxicity was observed in fish exposed to micro- and nano-sized iron (hydr)oxide forms, and unbounded 96 h LC50 values of > 10 g/L were derived.

 

An unbounded 96 h LC50 value of > 50 g/L (nominal) was reported for the toxicity of micro-sized diiron trioxide to Brachydanio rerio (new name: Danio rerio) as no effects (LC0) were observed up to a concentration of >= 50 g/L, and a 96 h LC90 of about 100 g/L was obtained (Bruns, 1989). The method used was a proposed procedure for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling (Federal Environmental Agency Germany, May 1984).

 

In two reliable studies investigating the acute toxicity of micro-sized triiron tetraoxide to Danio rerio (Caspers, 2000; Bayer AG, 1989), unbounded 96 h LC50 values of > 10 g/L (nominal) were derived as no effects (LC0) were observed up to a concentration of 10 g/L.

 

Further, an unbounded 96 h LC50 of > 100 g/L (nominal) was derived for micro-sized zinc ferrite brown spinel (Weyers, 1989) in an acute toxicity test with Danio rerio following a proposed procedure for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling (Federal Environmental Agency Germany, May 1984). An unbounded 96 h LC50 of > 100 g/L was also derived for micro-sized manganese ferrite black spinel in a reliable study (Weyers, 1989) following the same procedure.

 

Acute toxicity of iron (hydr)oxide nanoforms was investigated in two reliable studies using nano-sized diiron trioxide (Weyers, 1985) and iron hydroxide oxide yellow (Weyers & Caspers, 1989). Acute toxicity of nano-alpha diiron trioxide was investigated under static conditions in accordance with the proposed procedure for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling (Federal Environmental Agency Germany, May 1984) and an unbounded 96 h LC50 of > 10 g/L (nominal) was derived. For nano-alpha iron hydroxide oxide yellow within 96 hours no effects (LC0) on Danio rerio were observed up to a concentration of 100 g/L. The method used was a proposed procedure for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling (Federal Environmental Agency Germany, May 1984).

 

Based on read-across to micro- and nano-sized iron (hydr)oxides (see attachment "Read-across justification-environ assessment-iron oxides" in section 13), available data indicate a low potential for acute aquatic toxicity of iron (hydr)oxides to fish (see table below). Acute toxicity of micro- and nano-sized iron (hydr)oxides to fish was not observed up to 100 g/L (Weyers, 1989; Weyers & Caspers, 1989), a concentration that is 1000-fold above the corresponding OECD test limit for acute toxicity.

 

Table: Acute aquatic toxicity of iron (hydr)oxides to fish.

Endpoint	Test species	Test results	Test material/form	Reliability: Reference
Short-term toxicity to fish	Danio rerio	LC50 (96h): > 50 g/L nominal LC0 (96h): >= 50 g/L nominal	diiron trioxide / powder	RL2: Bruns, 1989
.	Danio rerio	LC50 (96h): > 10 g/L nominal LC0 (96h): >= 10 g/L nominal	triiron tetraoxide / powder	RL2: Caspers, 2000
.	Danio rerio	LC50 (96h): > 10 g/L nominal LC0 (96h): >= 10 g/L nominal	triiron tetraoxide /powder	RL2:Bayer AG, 1989
.	Danio rerio	LC50 (96h): > 100 g/L nominal LC0 (96h): >= 100 g/L nominal	zinc ferrite brown spinel / powder	RL2: Weyers, 1989
.	Danio rerio	LC50 (96h): > 100 g/L nominal LC0 (96h): >= 100 g/L nominal	manganese ferrite black spinel / powder	RL2: Weyers, 1989
.	Danio rerio	LC50 (96h): > 10 g/L nominal LC0 (96h): >= 10 g/L nominal	diiron trioxide / nano, alpha	RL2: Weyers, 1985
.	Danio rerio	LC50 (96h): > 100 g/L nominal LC0 (96h): >= 100 g/L nominal	iron hydroxide oxide yellow / nano, alpha	RL2: Weyers & Caspers, 1989