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EC number: 220-250-6 | CAS number: 2687-91-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Exposure related observations in humans: other data
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- exposure-related observations in humans: other data
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Biomonitoring of N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone in automobile varnishers
- Author:
- S. Koslitz, S. Meier, B. K. Schindler, T. Weiß, H.M. Koch, T. Brüning, H.U. Käfferlein
- Year:
- 2 014
- Bibliographic source:
- Toxicology Letters 231 (2014) 142–146
Materials and methods
- Type of study / information:
- Biomonitoring study
- Endpoint addressed:
- other: exposure at the workplace
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Method
- Ethical approval:
- not specified
- Details on study design:
- Spot urine samples from 14 workers in a varnishing plant of a German automobile manufacturer were collected. The majority of the workers (n = 12) carried out regular working tasks consisting of loading, detaching and packing varnished automobile parts and refilling the spraying system with lacquers. These workers wore cotton gloves during handling of the parts. Respiratory protection was provided and used by the workers when they were refilling the sprayer system. In addition, these workers wore solvent-resistant gloves beneath regular rubber gloves. The latter were used for grip only. Refilling the sprayer system was a short-term working task where break-through times for NMP of the solvent resistant
inner gloves (>480 min) was not reached. Two workers carried out particular working tasks consisting of manually disassembling and cleaning spraying nozzles, screws and nuts with different solvent mixtures, containing up to 100% N-alkylpyrrolidones. These workers used the same protective measures as described above (solvent resistant inner and rubber outer gloves, respiratory protection). It is important to mention that the varnishes and solvents contained NMP (known due to compulsory labeling) but no information was available whether they also contained NEP. Urine samples were collected midweek pre-shift, post-shift and pre-shift on the following day to address the different elimination half-lives of 5-HNEP and 2-HESI. All workers worked a regular 8-h work shift. Additionally, nine non-exposed employees from the medical department of the same company served as controls and provided midweek post-shift urine specimens. All samples were frozen and stored at -20°C until analysis. Information about workplace, working tasks, personal protection equipment, confounders outside the work place (e.g., the use of paints and lacquers at home), age, sex, body weight and smoking habits were collected by questionnaire.
Results and discussion
- Results:
- The median urinary level of 5-HNEP in control individuals of the plant was 0.03 mg/L. The median post-shift level reported here in workers with regular
working tasks was approximately 5-fold higher (0.15 mg/L). The maximum observed level of urinary 5-HNEP was 5.55 mg/L in these workers. Differences between controls and exposed workers were also observed for 2-HESI. The median background urinary level in the controls from this plant was 0.03 mg/L, whereas median concentrations of 2-HESI in samples from the non-exposed general population were <0.005 mg/L (<5 mg/L, Schindler et al.,2012). Again, post-shift exposure in workers with regular working tasks in the varnishing department of the plant presented here were considerably higher (0.19 mg/L) with a maximum level of 6.40 mg 2-HESI per liter urine. No differences were found between median post-shift levels of 5-HNEP and those in pre-shift urine samples on the same day (0.13 mg/L) and the following day (0.14 mg/L). The same was also true for 2-HESI. Maximum urinary levels of 4.04 and 8.45 mg/L were observed for 2-HESI in the pre-shift samples of day 2. Continuously increasing concentrations, however, were not expected for 5-HNEP. Nevertheless, in the particular case of the two cleaners the level of 5-HNEP in pre-shift samples of the following day (5.2 and 31.0 mg/L) were unexpectedly high. These increased pre-shift levels probably reflect the relevance of dermal absorption of NEP in terms of a delayed absorption, distribution and elimination and compared to oral or inhalation exposure.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- The authors of the study concluded that they were able to show that workers can be exposed to NEP during varnishing tasks in the automobile industry.
- Executive summary:
Abstract
N-alkyl-2-pyrrolidones are important organic solvents for varnishes in industry. This study investigated exposure to N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone (NEP) in varnishing of hard plastic components in an automobile plant. Two specific biomarkers of exposure, 5-hydroxy-N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone (5-HNEP) and 2-hydroxy-N-ethylsuccinimide (2-HESI), were analyzed in urine samples of 14 workers. For this purpose, pre-shift, post-shift and next day pre-shift urine samples were collected midweek. Twelve workers performed regular work tasks (loading, wiping and packing), whereas two workers performed special work tasks including cleaning the sprayer system with organic solvents containing N-alkyl-2-pyrrolidones. Spot urine samples of nine non-exposed persons of the same plant served as controls. Median post-shift urinary levels of workers with regular work tasks (5-HNEP: 0.15 mg/L; 2-HESI: 0.19 mg/L) were 5-fold higher compared to the controls (0.03 mg/L each). Continuously increasing metabolite levels, from preshift via post-shift to pre-shift samples of the following day, were observed in particular for the two workers with the special working tasks. Maximum levels were 31.01 mg/L (5-HNEP) and 8.45 mg/L (2-HESI). No clear trend was evident for workers with regular working tasks. In summary, the authors concluded that they were able to show that workers can be exposed to NEP during varnishing tasks in the automobile industry.
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