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EC number: 294-799-5 | CAS number: 91770-15-9 A complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained by subjecting a petroleum distillate to a sweetening process to convert mercaptans or to remove acidic impurities. It consists predominantly of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the range of C9 through C16 and boiling in the range of 130°C to 290°C (266°F to 554°F).
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Kerosines are of low acute toxicity with mortality rarely reported even at very high exposures in experimental animal studies conducted by oral (similar to OECD 420), dermal (similar to OECD 402), and inhalation (similar to OECD 403) exposure.
• The oral LD50 was > 5000 mg/kg bw in male and female rats for kerosine.
• The dermal LD50 was > 2000 mg/kg/bw in male and female rabbits for kerosine.
• The inhalation LC50 was > 5.28 mg/L vapour in male and female rats for kerosine.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Acute toxicity: via oral route
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Value:
- 5 000 mg/kg bw
- Quality of whole database:
- One of 11 acute oral studies
Acute toxicity: via inhalation route
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Value:
- 5 280 mg/m³ air
- Quality of whole database:
- One of 11 acute inhalation studies
Acute toxicity: via dermal route
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Value:
- 2 000 mg/kg bw
- Quality of whole database:
- One of 11 acute dermal studies
Additional information
Kerosines are of low acute toxicity, with an oral LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kg (rat), a dermal LD50 greater than 2000 mg/kg (rabbit), and an inhalation LC50 greater than 5.28 mg/L (rat). The most important effects in animals following very high oral doses were slight irritation of the stomach and the gastrointestinal tract. The only adverse effects observed in acute inhalation studies were decreased activity and breathing frequency at very high doses. Dermal application of kerosine did not lead to acute toxic systemic effects. Clinical effects observed were related to dermal irritation rather than to systemic toxicity. The acute toxicity of kerosine is not classified by EU CLP Regulation (EC No. 1272/2008).
Acute oral toxicity
In the key acute oral toxicity study (Klimisch score=1; ARCO, 1992a), groups of fasted (5 per sex), young adult, Sprague Dawley rats were given a single oral dose of undiluted thermocracked kerosine at a dose of 5000 mg/kg bw and observed for 14 days. There were no treatment related mortalities. All of the study animals exhibited one or more of the following clinical signs: nasal discharge, ocular discharge, abnormal stools, lethargy, stained coat, and alopecia. All animals gained weight during study period. At necropsy, one of the ten animals exhibited visual lesions, the remaining nine showed signs of alopecia in the inguinal and/or perineal regions. The oral LD50 was determined to be greater than 5000 mg/kg in males and females.
In supporting studies conducted on kerosine substances (ARCO, 1992a; ARCO, 1992b; ARCO, 1992c; ARCO, 1987a; ARCO, 1986a; ARCO, 1986b; ARCO, 1986c; API, 1985a; API, 1982; API, 1980a), rats were administered single oral gavage doses of the test substance, and results supported an oral LD50 of > 5000 mg/kg in males and females.
Acute inhalation toxicity
In the key acute inhalation toxicity study (Klimisch score = 1; API, 1987a), groups of Sprague-Dawley rats, five males and five females, were exposed by inhalation route to straight-run kerosine for 4 hours to their whole body at a single dose of 5.28 mg/L (vapour, analytical). All except one animal had normal growth rates throughout the study. The one exception on day 8 had a body weight less than its starting body weight but by the end of the study normal growth had resumed. All animals exhibited decreased activity during the exposure. Otherwise there were no treatment-related clinical signs of toxicity. No macroscopic lesions were observed in any animal at post-mortem and no microscopic changes were observed in any lung section examined. The LC50 was greater than 5.28 mg/L.
In supporting studies conducted on kerosine substances (ARCO, 1992e; ARCO, 1992f; ARCO, 1987b; ARCO, 1987c; ARCO, 1987d; ARCO, 1987e; API, 1983a; Carpenter et al., 1976), rats were administered single doses of the test substance via inhalation. The LC50s as measured based on mortality and systemic effects do not indicate classification of kerosine as an acute inhalation toxicant. One supporting study on deodorised kerosine showed a lack of systemic effects after repeated exposure to rats (6 hours each day for 4 days), and resulted in an LC50 of > 7.5 mg/L (Carpenter et al., 1976). Another supporting study on deodorised kerosine showed a lack of systemic effects after a single 6 hour exposure to cats, and resulted in an LC50 of > 6.4 mg/L (Carpenter et al., 1976).
Acute dermal toxicity
In the key acute dermal toxicity study (Klimisch score=1; ARCO, 1992g), groups of young adult New Zealand White rabbits, five males and five females, were dermally exposed to undiluted thermocracked kerosine for 24 hours to 10% of their body surface area at a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Animals were then observed for 14 days. There were no mortalities and all animals gained weight during the study. All of the animals exhibited one or more of the following clinical signs during the observation period: dermal irritation (erythema, edema, eschar, fissuring and/or dried skin) and/or abnormal stools. Apart from skin irritation, there were no other abnormalities noted at necropsy. The dermal LD50 was determined to be greater than 2000 mg/kg in both males and females.
In supporting studies conducted on kerosine substances (ARCO, 1992h; ARCO, 1992i; ARCO, 1992j; ARCO, 1987f; ARCO, 1987g; ARCO, 1987h; ARCO, 1987i; API, 1985a; API, 1982; API, 1980a), rabbits were administered single dermal doses of the test substance, and results supported a dermal LD50 of > 2000 mg/kg in males and females.
Justification for selection of acute toxicity – oral endpoint
One of 11 acute oral studies with representative members of the kerosine category which gave similar results
Justification for selection of acute toxicity – inhalation endpoint
One of 11 acute inhalation studies with representative members of the kerosine category which gave similar results
Justification for selection of acute toxicity – dermal endpoint
One of 11 acute dermal studies with representative members of the kerosine category which gave similar results
Justification for classification or non-classification
Based on evaluation of all the acute toxicity data discussed above, kerosines do not meet the criteria for classification as an acute oral, inhalation or dermal toxicant under the EU CLP Regulation (EC No. 1272/2008).
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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