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EC number: 273-727-6 | CAS number: 69012-27-7 By-product of chromium refining containing oxides of aluminum, magnesium and silicon.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Acute/short term exposure
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 4 mg/m³
DNEL related information
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 1
Acute/short term exposure
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Acute/short term exposure
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Additional information - workers
The DNEL for repeated dose toxicity of FeCr slag is based on lung effects which are considered as critical effects. There are currently no occupational limit values for this substance, but the German MAK commission (DFG 1991) has set a limit value of 4 mg/m3during an 8 hour shift for the inhalable fraction of amorphous silicon dioxide.For general dusts, the MAK commission set in 1997 a MAK value of 1.5 mg/m3for respirable dusts and 4 mg/m3for inhalable dusts to decrease the risk of general dust induced chronic bronchitis (DFG 1997). These represent currently the lowest OELs for general dust in.
Repeated dose inhalation studies have been performed with different types of silicates (calcium silicate, kaolin and amorphous glass) at maximum concentrations of 10-27 mg/m3. No adverse effects were observed in any of these studies, and therefore no NOAEL or LOAEL which could be used for DNEL derivation has been identified.
Epidemiological data from different
industries show that the occupational exposure to occupational dusts and
fumes may increase the risk of chronic bronchitis/COPD. This seems to be
the critical effect in humans also in ferrosilicon/silicon metal.
In a recent study in
Norwegian ferroalloy industry (Johnsen et al., 2010), an annual
additional decline in lung function, resembling the decline caused by
smoking, was seen at a median exposure level of 2.3 mg/m3of
general dust (representing thoracic fraction). No signs of fibrosis in
workers were seen in these studies. However, since silicate particles
are only a minor component of these dusts present in
silicon/ferrosilicon/ferrochromium factories no conclusions on the
inhalation toxicity and dose-response of silicate can be made.
For practically insoluble particles like FeCr slagwithout general toxicity, the possible lung effects are most likely caused by general particle effects and not by toxicity caused by the substance itself. As no NOAEL has been identied, it is suggested thatthe recommendations by the German MAK commission (DFG 1997) for general inhalable dust (4 mg/m3) and respirable dust (1.5 mg/m3) should be used when setting DNELs. 4 mg/m3is also the value given for synthetic amorphous silica by the MAK commission (DFG 1991).
DNELs of 4 mg/m3(inhalable fraction) and 1.5 mg/m3(respirable fraction)are recommended for FeCr slag in occupational exposure.
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Acute/short term exposure
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 2 mg/m³
DNEL related information
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 2
Acute/short term exposure
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Acute/short term exposure
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Acute/short term exposure
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Additional information - General Population
The DNEL for repeated dose toxicity of FeCr slag is based on lung effects which are considered as critical effects. There are currently no occupational limit values for this substance, but the German MAK commission (DFG 1991) has set a limit value of 4 mg/m3during an 8 hour shift for the inhalable fraction of amorphous silicon dioxide. For general dusts, the MAK commission set in 1997 a MAK value of 1.5 mg/m3for respirable dusts and 4 mg/m3for inhalable dusts to decrease the risk of general dust induced chronic bronchitis (DFG 1997). These represent currently the lowest OELs for general dust in.
Repeated dose inhalation studies have been performed with different types of silicates (calcium silicate, kaolin and amorphous glass) at maximum concentrations of 10-27 mg/m3. No adverse effects were observed in any of these studies, and therefore no NOAEL or LOAEL which could be used for DNEL derivation has been identified.
Epidemiological data from different industries show that the occupational exposure to occupational dusts and fumes may increase the risk of chronic bronchitis/COPD. This seems to be the critical effect in humans also in ferrosilicon/silicon metal.
In a recent study in Norwegian ferroalloy industry (Johnsen et al., 2010), an annual additional decline in lung function, resembling the decline caused by smoking, was seen at a median exposure level of 2.3 mg/m3of general dust (representing thoracic fraction). No signs of fibrosis in workers were seen in these studies. However, since silicate particles are only a minor component of these dusts present in silicon/ferrosilicon/ferrochromium factories no conclusions on the inhalation toxicity and dose-response of silicate can be made.
For practically insoluble particles like FECr slag without general toxicity, the possible lung effects are most likely caused by general particle effects and not by toxicity caused by the substance itself. As no NOAEL has been identied, it is suggested that the recommendations by the German MAK commission (DFG 1997) for general inhalable dust (4 mg/m3) and respirable dust (1.5 mg/m3) should be used when setting DNELs. 4 mg/m3is also the value given for synthetic amorphous silica by the MAK commission (DFG 1991). In order to consider the possibility that the general population may be more sensitive than the occupational population, an assessment factor of 2 was applied (interindividual differences). Thus the suggested DNEL for the general population for inhalable dust is 2 mg/m3and for respirable dust 0.75 mg/m3.
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