Dibutyl [[bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]phosphinothioyl]thio]succinate

Developmental toxicity / teratogenicity

Administrative data

Endpoint:

developmental toxicity

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

08 February 2017 to 29 March 2018

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Cross-reference

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to same study

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2018

Report date:

2018

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: OECD 422 Oral (Gavage) Combined Repeat Dose Toxicity Study with Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test in the Rat

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Limit test:

no

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

Dibutyl [[bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]phosphinothioyl]thio]succinate

EC Number:

270-220-1

EC Name:

Dibutyl [[bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]phosphinothioyl]thio]succinate

Cas Number:

68413-48-9

Molecular formula:

C28H55O6PS2

IUPAC Name:

1,4-dibutyl 2-({bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy](sulfanylidene)-λ⁵-phosphanyl}sulfanyl)butanedioate

Test material form:

liquid

Specific details on test material used for the study:

CAS RN 68413-48-9
Physical Description: Pale yellow, clear liquid
Purity: 84%

Test animals

Species:

rat

Strain:

other: Crl:CD(SD)

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Raleigh, NC
- Females (if applicable) nulliparous and non-pregnant: yes
- Age at study initiation: approximately 51 days old
- Weight at study initiation: Males: 293 to 415g; females: 210 to 286g
- Housing: 2–3 rats/cage by sex in solid-bottom cages with bedding material
- Diet: certified feed (PMI Nutrition International, LLC Certified Rodent LabDiet® 5002)
- Water: Reverse osmosis-purified (on-site) drinking water
- Fasting: All males and females (including those not selected for clinical pathology evaluation) were fasted prior to clinical pathology blood collection when food, but not water, was withheld
- Acclimation period: 22 days

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 20-26
- Humidity (%): 30-70
- Air changes (per hr): minimum of 10
- Photoperiod: 12-hour light/12-hour dark

Administration / exposure

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Details on exposure:

- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
The test substance formulations were prepared in corn oil approximately weekly as single formulations for each dosage level, divided into aliquots for daily dispensation, and stored refrigerated (2ºC to 8ºC), protected from light. The test substance formulations were stirred continuously throughout the preparation, sampling, and dose administration procedures.

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

yes

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

Dosing formulations prepared at nominal test substance concentrations of 20, 60, and 200 mg/mL were analyzed using a validated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, using ultraviolet (UV) absorbance detection at a wavelength of 260 nm.
The results met the protocol-specified acceptance criteria for concentration acceptability for uniform solution formulations. No test substance was detected in the analyzed vehicle.

Details on mating procedure:

Males and females were paired on a 1:1 basis within each treatment group following 14 days of treatment and were cohabitated in a solid-bottom cage containing bedding material until positive evidence of mating was confirmed by the presence of a vaginal copulatory plug or the presence of sperm following vaginal lavage. Each mating pair was examined daily. The day when evidence of mating was identified was termed Gestation Day 0 and the animals were separated.

Duration of treatment / exposure:

Males were dosed throughout the mating period through 1 day prior to euthanasia for a total of 28 doses.
Females received 14 daily doses prior to pairing and were dosed through Lactation Day 13 for a total of 49-53 doses.

Frequency of treatment:

Once daily

Duration of test:

A minimum of 28 days

Doses / concentrations

Doses / concentrations 1

Dose / conc.:

0 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Doses / concentrations 2

Dose / conc.:

100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Doses / concentrations 3

Dose / conc.:

300 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Doses / concentrations 4

Dose / conc.:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

No. of animals per sex per dose:

10

Control animals:

yes, concurrent vehicle

Details on study design:

Dosage levels of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day were selected based on the results of a previous 14-day range-finding study. The test substance was administered orally by gavage once daily to 3 groups of Crl:CD(SD) rats, each group consisting of 10 males and 10 females. A concurrent vehicle control group of 10 rats/sex received the vehicle on the same regimen. The dose volume was 5 mL/kg for all groups. Males and females were approximately 10 weeks of age at the beginning of test substance/vehicle administration. Males received 14 daily doses prior to mating and were dosed throughout the mating period until 1 day prior to necropsy for a total of 28 doses. Females received 14 daily doses prior to mating and were dosed through Lactation Day 13 for a total of 49-53 doses.

Examinations

Maternal examinations:

Clinical Observations and Survival
All rats were observed twice daily for moribundity and mortality. Individual clinical observations were recorded daily and detailed physical examinations were conducted weekly. Each female was also observed for signs of toxicity approximately 1.5 hours following dose administration. Females expected to deliver were also observed twice daily during the period of expected parturition for dystocia. Social groups were observed at the appropriate intervals for findings that could not be attributed to a single animal; only positive findings were recorded.

Body Weights
Individual female body weights were recorded weekly until evidence of copulation was observed. Once evidence of mating was observed, female body weights were recorded on Gestation Days 0, 4, 7, 11, 14, 17, and 20 and on Lactation Days 0 (when possible), 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, and 14 (fasted).

Food Consumption
Food consumption was measured on a per cage basis on the corresponding weekly body weight days until pairing, but was not recorded during the breeding period. Once evidence of mating was observed, female food consumption was recorded on Gestation Days 0, 4, 7, 11, 14, 17, and 20 and on Lactation Days 1, 4, 7, 10, and 13.

Clinical Pathology
Blood samples for clinical pathology evaluations were collected from 5 animals/sex/group at the scheduled necropsies. The animals were fasted overnight prior to blood collection. Blood for serum chemistry and hematology was collected using the retro-orbital sinus method following isoflurane anesthesia for females. Blood for coagulation parameters was collected from the vena cava at the time of necropsy. Blood was collected into tubes containing K2EDTA (hematology), sodium citrate (coagulation), or no anticoagulant (serum chemistry).

The following parameters were evaluated:

> Hematology and Coagulation:
Total leukocyte count (WBC)
Erythrocyte count (RBC)
Hemoglobin (HGB)
Hematocrit (HCT)
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
Platelet count (Platelet)
Prothrombin time (PT)
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)
Reticulocyte count
Percent (RETIC)
Absolute (RETIC Absolute)
Differential leukocyte count -
Percent and absolute
-Neutrophil (NEU)
-Lymphocyte (LYMPH)
-Monocyte (MONO)
-Eosinophil (EOS)
-Basophil (BASO)
-Large unstained cell (LUC)
Red cell distribution width (RDW)
Hemoglobin distribution width (HDW)
Platelet estimate
Red cell morphology (RBC Morphology)

> Serum Chemistry:
Albumin
Total protein
Globulin [by calculation]
Albumin/globulin ratio (A/G Ratio) [by calculation]
Total bilirubin (Total BILI)
Urea nitrogen
Creatinine
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT)
Glucose
Total cholesterol (Cholesterol)
Calcium
Chloride
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH)
Triglycerides (Triglyceride)
Bile Acids
Appearance (Includes degree of hemolysis, lipemia, and icterus

Parturition
All females were allowed to deliver naturally and rear their young to PND 13. During the period of expected parturition, the females were observed twice daily for initiation and completion of parturition and for signs of dystocia. On the day parturition was initiated (PND 0), pups were sexed and examined for gross malformations, and the numbers of stillborn and live pups were recorded. Individual gestation length was calculated using the date delivery started.

Ovaries and uterine content:

Uteri with no macroscopic evidence of implantation were opened and subsequently placed in 10% ammonium sulphide solution for detection of early implantation loss. For females that delivered or had macroscopic evidence of implantation, the numbers of implantation sites for former implantation sites (the attachment site of the placenta to the uterus) were recorded. The number of unaccounted-for sites was calculated for each female that delivered by subtracting the number of pups born from the number of former implantation sites observed. Numbers of corpora lutea were also recorded for females with macroscopic evidence of implantation and for females necropsied during gestation through Lactation Day 4.

Fetal examinations:

On the day parturition was initiated (PND 0), pups were sexed and examined for gross malformations, and the numbers of stillborn and live pups were recorded. Each litter was examined daily for survival, and all deaths were recorded. Intact offspring that were found dead were necropsied via a dissection technique, which included examination of the heart and major vessels. Tissues were preserved in 10% neutral-buffered formalin for possible future histopathologic examination only as deemed necessary by the gross findings.

Litter Reduction
To reduce variability among the litters, 8 pups/litter, 4 pups/sex when possible, were randomly selected on PND 4. Standardization of litter size was not performed on litters with fewer than 8 pups. Blood samples for possible future thyroid hormone analysis were collected from at least 2 culled pups/litter (pooled by litter) on PND 4; pups were euthanized by an intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital following blood collection and discarded. Remaining culled pups (not used for blood collection) were weighed, euthanized by an intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital on PND 4, and discarded.

Clinical Observations
Litters were examined daily for survival and any adverse changes in appearance or behavior. Each pup received a clinical examination on PND 1, 4, 7, 10, and 13. Any abnormalities in nesting and nursing behavior were recorded. The anogenital distance of all F1 pups was measured on PND 113; the absolute distance and the absolute distance relative to the cube root of body weight were reported for each pup.

Body Weights
Pups were individually weighed on PND 1, 4, 7, 10, and 13.

Sex Determination
Pups were individually sexed on PND 0, 4, and 13.
- Assessment of Areolas/Nipple Anlagen: On PND 13, all F1 male offspring were evaluated for the presence of thoracic nipples/areolae in accordance with previous established methods. The number of nipples was recorded if nipples were present, and a zero was recorded if nipples were absent.

Statistics:

Data obtained from nongravid females were excluded from statistical analyses following the mating period. Where applicable, the litter was used as the experimental unit.
Analyses were conducted using two-tailed tests for minimum significance levels of 1% and 5%, comparing each test substance-treated group to the vehicle control group by sex. Parental mating, fertility, conception, and copulation indices were analyzed using the Chi-square test with Yates’ correction factor. Parental body weights (weekly, gestation, and lactation), body weight changes, and food consumption, offspring body weights and body weight changes, estrous cycle length, precoital intervals, gestation length, numbers of former implantation sites, and unaccounted-for sites, number of pups born, live litter size on PND 0, absolute and relative organ weights, clinical pathology values, thyroid hormone values, anogenital distance (absolute and relative to the cube root of body weight), number of nipples/areolae, and FOB data values were subjected to a parametric one-way ANOVA to determine intergroup differences. If the ANOVA revealed significant (p < 0.05) intergroup variance, Dunnett's test was used to compare the test substance-treated groups to the vehicle control group. FOB parameters that yield scalar or descriptive data in the test substance-treated groups were compared to the vehicle control group using Fisher’s Exact test. Mean litter proportions (percent per litter) of males at birth and postnatal survival were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric ANOVA to determine intergroup differences. If the nonparametric ANOVA revealed significant (p < 0.05) intergroup variance, Dunn’s test was used to compare the test substance-treated groups to the vehicle control group.

Historical control data:

Historical Control Data (HCD) was presented in the report.

Results and discussion

Results: maternal animals

General toxicity (maternal animals)

Clinical signs:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

No test substance-related clinical findings were noted at daily examinations following dose administration at any dosage level. Clinical findings, including hair loss, scabbing, and/or clear, red, or yellow material on various body surfaces, occurred infrequently, similarly in the vehicle control group, and/or in a manner that was not dose-related. No relationship to the test substance was evident.

Mortality:

no mortality observed

Description (incidence):

All F0 animals survived to the scheduled necropsies.

Body weight and weight changes:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Mean F0 body weights and body weight gains in the 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/day group females were unaffected by test substance administration during the pre-mating period.
> Gestation: Mean F0 maternal body weights and body weight gains in the 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/day groups were unaffected by test substance administration during gestation. None of the differences from the vehicle control group were statistically significant.
> Lactation: Mean F0 maternal body weights and body weight gains in the 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/day groups were unaffected by test substance administration during lactation. None of the differences from the vehicle control group were statistically significant.

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Mean F0 food consumption in the 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/day groups were unaffected by test substance administration during the pre-mating period (females).
> Gestation: Mean F0 maternal food consumption in the 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/day groups was unaffected by test substance administration during gestation. None of the differences from the vehicle control group were statistically significant.
> Lactation: Mean F0 maternal food consumption in the 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/day groups was unaffected by test substance administration during lactation. None of the differences from the vehicle control group were statistically significant.

Food efficiency:

not examined

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

not examined

Ophthalmological findings:

not examined

Haematological findings:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

There were no test substance-related effects on F0 hematology and coagulation. Significant (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) differences from the vehicle control group were higher mean percentage of basophils noted in the 100 mg/kg/day group males, lower mean percentage of monocytes in the 300 mg/kg/day group females, and shorter mean prothrombin time in the 100 mg/kg/day group females. No dose-response relationship was evident. Therefore, these findings were considered incidental.

Clinical biochemistry findings:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

There were no test substance-related effects on F0 serum chemistry parameters. Changes in serum chemistry consisted of higher mean albumin and total protein levels in the 1000 mg/kg/day group F0 females and higher mean A/G ratios in the 100 and 1000 mg/kg/day group F0 females. With the exception of the mean total protein level in the 1000 mg/kg/day group females, the differences from the vehicle control group were significant (p < 0.05). However, these changes did not correlate with other signs of toxicity or corresponding microscopic findings, and the magnitude of the changes were not toxicologically meaningful; therefore, the changes in serum chemistry were not considered test substance-related.

Urinalysis findings:

not examined

Behaviour (functional findings):

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Home cage observations, handling observations, open field observations, sensory observations, neuromuscular and physiological observations and motor activity were all unaffected by test substance administration.

Immunological findings:

not examined

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

There were no test substance-related alterations in organ weights.

Gross pathological findings:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

No test substance-related internal findings were observed at any dosage level. Macroscopic findings observed in the test substance-treated groups occurred infrequently and/or in a manner that was not dose-related. The mean numbers of unaccounted-for sites and implantation sites in the 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/day groups were comparable to the vehicle control group values.

Neuropathological findings:

not examined

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

There were no test substance-related histologic changes. Necrosis and inflammation of the arteries/arterioles (with thrombosis) in the submucosa of the cecum was observed in one 1000 mg/kg/day group female. This change was characterized by multifocal fibrinoid necrosis of the vessel wall with transmural infiltrates comprised of predominantly neutrophils and lymphocytes. In 1 vessel, a thrombus occludes the lumen. These changes were considered consistent with spontaneous necrotizing vasculitis (polyartertitis) that is occasionally observed in rodents and was not considered a test substance-related change. Minimal mononuclear infiltrates and minimal mineralization were observed in the 1000 mg/kg/day group female rats. These are well described background changes in the rat and were not considered test substance-related. Remaining histologic changes were considered to be incidental findings or related to some aspect of experimental manipulation other than administration of the test substance. There was no test substance-related alteration in the prevalence, severity, or histologic character of those incidental tissue alterations.

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

not examined

Other effects:

not examined

Maternal developmental toxicity

Number of abortions:

no effects observed

Pre- and post-implantation loss:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

The mean numbers of unaccounted-for sites and implantation sites in the 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/day groups were comparable to the vehicle control group values.

Total litter losses by resorption:

no effects observed

Early or late resorptions:

no effects observed

Dead fetuses:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

The mean number of F1 pups born, live litter size and the percentage of males at birth in the 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/day groups were similar to the vehicle control group values. Postnatal survival in these groups were unaffected by test substance administration.

Changes in pregnancy duration:

no effects observed

Changes in number of pregnant:

no effects observed

Other effects:

not examined

Effect levels (maternal animals)

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect level:

behaviour (functional findings)

body weight and weight gain

changes in number of pregnant

changes in pregnancy duration

clinical biochemistry

clinical signs

dead fetuses

early or late resorptions

food consumption and compound intake

gross pathology

haematology

histopathology: non-neoplastic

mortality

organ weights and organ / body weight ratios

pre and post implantation loss

total litter losses by resorption

Maternal abnormalities

Key result

Abnormalities:

not specified

Results (fetuses)

Fetal body weight changes:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Mean F1 male and female pup body weights and body weight changes during PND 1–13 in the 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/day groups were unaffected by parental administration of the test substance. No statistically significant differences from the vehicle control group were noted.

Reduction in number of live offspring:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

The mean number of F1 pups born and live litter size in the 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/day groups were similar to the vehicle control group values.

Changes in sex ratio:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

The percentage of males at birth in the 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/day groups were similar to the vehicle control group values.

Changes in litter size and weights:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

The mean number of F1 pups born and live litter size in the 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/day groups were similar to the vehicle control group values.

Changes in postnatal survival:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Postnatal survival in these groups were unaffected by test substance administration. Two (2), 2(1), 7(3), and 0(0) pups (litters) in the vehicle control, 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/day groups, respectively, were found dead. Zero (0), 3(3), 3(2), and 3(2) pups (litters) in the same respective groups were missing and presumed to have been cannibalized.

External malformations:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

- Anogenital Distance: The F1 anogenital distances in the 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/day groups were comparable to the vehicle control group values. Differences from the vehicle control group were slight and not statistically significant.
- Areolae/Nipple Anlagen: Areolae/nipple anlagen in the F1 male pups was unaffected by parental administration of the test substance when evaluated on PND 13. The test substance-treated group values were not statistically different from the vehicle control group values.

Skeletal malformations:

not examined

Visceral malformations:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

- Necropsies of Pups Found Dead: No internal findings that could be attributed to parental test substance administration were noted at the necropsies of pups that were found dead. Aside from the absence of milk in the stomach, internal findings consisted of a misshapen heart in one pup in the vehicle control group. No other internal findings were noted.
- Scheduled Pup Necropsies (PND 13): There were no internal findings noted at the necropsy of F1 pups euthanized on PND 13.

Other effects:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

- Thyroid Hormone Analysis (PND 13): There were no test substance-related effects on serum T4 levels in the F1 males and females at any dosage level on PND 13. Differences from the vehicle control group were considered to be the result of normal biological variation and were not considered to be of toxicological significance.

Effect levels (fetuses)

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

reduction in number of live offspring

changes in sex ratio

fetal/pup body weight changes

changes in litter size and weights

changes in postnatal survival

external malformations

visceral malformations

Fetal abnormalities

Key result

Abnormalities:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Localisation:

visceral/soft tissue: cardiovascular

Description (incidence and severity):

One control animal was observed to have a misshapen heart.

Overall developmental toxicity

Key result

Developmental effects observed:

no

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

No adverse effects were noted in F0 adults or F1 pups at any dosage level, therefore, 1000 mg/kg/day was considered to be the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for F0 reproductive and systemic toxicity and F1 neonatal toxicity of the test substance when administered orally by gavage to Crl:CD(SD) rats.

Executive summary:

The potential toxic effects of the test substance at dosage levels of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day were investigated in an OECD 422 study, performed under GLP conditions. The test substance or vehicle control (corn oil) was administered to rats via gavage once daily to 4 groups of Crl:CD(SD) rats, each group consisting of 10 males and 10 females.

 

All F0 animals survived to the scheduled necropsy. No test substance-related clinical findings were noted at the daily examinations or approximately 1.5 hours following dose administration at any dosage level. No test substance-related effects on mean F0 male and female body weights, body weight gains, or food consumption (including during gestation and lactation in females) were noted at any dosage level. No test substance-related effects on F0 neurobehavioral parameters (FOB and motor activity) or reproductive performance (male and female mating and fertility, male copulation, and female conception indices, mean estrous cycle and gestation lengths, pre-coital intervals, and the process of parturition) were observed at 100, 300, or 1000 mg/kg/day.

 

There were no test substance-related effects on hematology, serum chemistry or thyroid hormone (T4) parameters in the F0 males and females at any dosage level. No test substance-related macroscopic or microscopic findings were noted at any dosage level. The mean numbers of former implantation sites and unaccounted-for sites were unaffected by test substance administration. There were no test substance-related effects on mean F0 organ weights at any dosage level.

 

The mean numbers of F1 pups born, percentage of males at birth, live litter size on PND 0, postnatal survival, clinical condition of the pups, anogenital distance, areola/nipple retention (males), and mean pup body weights and body weight gains in the 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/day group were not affected by test substance administration to the F0 males and females. There were no test substance-related macroscopic findings noted in F1 pups that were found dead or at the scheduled necropsy on PND 13. There were no test substance-related effects on serum T4 levels in the F1 pups on PND 13 at any dosage level.

 

Under the conditions of this screening study, no adverse effects were noted in F0 adults or F1 pups at any dosage level. Therefore, 1000 mg/kg/day was considered to be the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for F0 reproductive and systemic toxicity and F1 neonatal toxicity of the test substance when administered orally by gavage to Crl:CD(SD) rats.