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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 238-687-6 | CAS number: 14639-97-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Dermal absorption
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- dermal absorption in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- Not reported
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Percutaneous uptake of zinc in rabbit skin
- Author:
- Kapur SP, Bhussry BR, Rao S & Harmuth-Hoene E
- Year:
- 1 974
- Bibliographic source:
- Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 145(3):932-937
Materials and methods
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The percutaneous uptake of Zinc in rabbits was studied radiochemically and radioautographically using single- and double-dose applications of the test material.
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Zinc oxide
- EC Number:
- 215-222-5
- EC Name:
- Zinc oxide
- Cas Number:
- 1314-13-2
- Molecular formula:
- ZnO
- IUPAC Name:
- oxozinc
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Zinc oxide
- Preparation: 65Zinc oxide was prepared by adding Sodium hydroxide to a solution of Zinc chloride (International Chemical and Nuclear Corporation, Irvine, CA) and drying the resulting precipitate at 125 °C
- Locations of the label (if radiolabelling): 65Zn
Constituent 1
- Radiolabelling:
- yes
Test animals
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- not specified
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Age at study initiation: Adult
- Weight at study initiation: 2 kg
Administration / exposure
- Type of coverage:
- open
- Vehicle:
- other: 1:1 mixture of glycerin and propylene glycol
- Duration of exposure:
- 30 or 48 h
- Doses:
- - Dose: 2.5 mg Zinc compound containing 5 µCi 65Zn
- No. of animals per group:
- Treatment: Two
Control: One - Control animals:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Treated with non-radioactive test material
- Details on study design:
- DOSE PREPARATION
- Method for preparation of dose suspensions: 65Zinc oxide was prepared by adding Sodium hydroxide to a solution of Zinc chloride (International Chemical and Nuclear Corporation, Irvine, CA) and drying the resulting precipitate at 125 °C.
APPLICATION OF DOSE: Test material, specific activity of 131 µCi/mole of 65Zn, applied topically on four circular areas, 1 in. in diameter, on the saved skin on animal’s back
SAMPLE COLLECTION
- Analysis of skin: Treated skin areas were excised and fixed in cold alcoholic formalin
ANALYSIS
- Method type(s) for identification: Automatic Gamma Counter (Nuclear Chicago Model 4222 with a 3-in. sodium iodide crystal):
HISTOLOGY
- Blocks of the skin were routinely processed & embedded in paraffin; 6 µm sections were taken and stained with heamtoxylin and eosin.
- Blank slides coated with emulsion, developed and fixed in a similar fashion were used as controls for checking the background fog.
- Zinc was localized histochemically by the diphenylthiocarbazone method. Sulfhydryl (-SH) and disulfide (-SS) groups were localized using alkaline tetrazolium method. 0.1 M n-ethyl maleimide in 0.1 M phosphate buffer was used at pH 7.4 for blocking the sulfhydryl (-SH) groups. - Details on in vitro test system (if applicable):
- Not applicable
Results and discussion
- Signs and symptoms of toxicity:
- not examined
- Dermal irritation:
- not examined
- Absorption in different matrices:
- No data
- Total recovery:
- No data
- Conversion factor human vs. animal skin:
- No data
Any other information on results incl. tables
Radiocounts of 65Zn:
-Optimal activity was observed at 6 h after each application; reduced at 24 h after application of first or second dose (see table 1).
- High concentration was observed in the cortical and cuticular zones of the hair shaft, optimal in the keratogeous zone
- 65Zn localisation was very low in the epidermis, dermis and in blood vessels of both dermis and hypodermis
Histology:
- Optimal staining intensity was seen in the cortex of the hair shaft and in the keratogenous matrix of the hair papilla
Table 1. 65Zn Retention on excised skin blocks (cpm X 103)*
Compound |
Total applied dose of Zn compound |
Time after last application |
|||||
6 h |
24 h |
||||||
Applied |
Retained |
% |
Applied |
Retained |
% |
||
Zinc oxide (Single dose) |
2.5 mg |
784 |
161 |
20.6 |
784 |
185 |
23.6 |
Zinc oxide (double dose) |
2.5 mg |
1478 |
314 |
21.2 |
1478 |
369 |
25.0 |
* Results corrected for background and counted simultaneously with an aliquot of the applied sample. Second dose was always applied 24 h after the first application.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Under the test conditions, percutaneous uptake of the zinc in rabbit skin was observed on topical application of the radioactive test material.
- Executive summary:
ZnO, zinc omadine, zinc sulphate and zinc undecylenate (131mCi/mole of65Zn2+) were used for topical application on shaved skin on the back of rabbits. Each application consisted of 2.5 mg Zn-compound containing 5mCi65Zn2+. Two animals received one application on four skin areas left of the spine, while the four skin areas on the right side received two applications, the second one 24 hours after the first one. The rabbits were killed 6 and 24 hours after the second application. One rabbit served as control animal.
No significant differences were found in the amount and location of 65Zn2+in skin treated with 4 different zinc compounds. High concentrations of 65Zn2+were observed in the cortical and cutical zones of the hair shaft, being the highest in the keratogenous zone. Accumulation of65Zn2+in epidermis was very low but heavy in the subdermal muscle layer. Since no different rates of absorption and concentrations of zinc compounds with different oil/water solubility, pH, and molecular weight were seen, it was suggested that the major mode of65Zn2+uptake in skin is by diffusion through the hair follicles due to the heavy localization of65Zn2+primarily in the hair shaft and hair follicles. According to the investigators this emphasizes that chemical differences in the compounds may not play a very important role in the skin uptake of65Zn2+. No data were given on systemic absorption.
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