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Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 231-141-8 | CAS number: 7440-31-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://poisoncentres.echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 71 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 25
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
1000 mg/kg bw/d * (1/0.38 * 0.004%/0.004% * 6.7/10) = 1763 mg/m3
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- A clear NOAEL was derived from the study. No correction is required for dose reponse.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- Default factor when extrapolating from the equivalent of a subchronic NOAEL to a chronic NOAEL
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Not required when correcting for inhalation starting point.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor for remaining interspecies differences.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Default factor for workers.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Data is complete and of acceptable quality.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- There are no remaining uncertainties.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 10 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 100
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
1000 x (0.004/0.004) = 1000 mg/kg bw/day
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- A clear NOAEL was derived from the study. No correction is required for dose reponse.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- A chronic study is used to set a chronic DNEL. No correction required.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Default allometric factor when extrapolating from rat to man.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor for remaining interspecies differences.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Default factor for workers.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Data is complete and of acceptable quality.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- There are no remaining uncertainties.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Additional information - workers
Tin metal has no practical bioavailability via any route, and is not acutely toxic via the oral, dermal or inhalation route. It was not genotoxic in a satisfactory battery of in vitro tests. The subchronic NOAEL was set on the basis of no practical absorption, and was based on the absence of any effects in a 28 day oral study in rats upto the limit dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/day (a waiver for the 90 day study was written and the NOAEL from the 28 day study adopted as the 90 day end point). There were also no effects in an OECD 414 developmental toxicity study in rats up to the limit dose of 1000 mg/kg bw day. On the basis of the properties of tin and the absence of any toxicity seen in the studies conducted so far, a second species developmental toxicity study and EOGRTS studies are waved, and chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies are not triggered.
Available human data also rules out any long term toxicological effects. Robertson J (1960) studied stannosis (tin oxide induced pneumoconiosis) in workers from a tin smelting works. Even with positive X-ray findings, workers with many years of exposure suffered no health effects, deposition of the dust in the lungs did not lead to a fibrous response, indicating no cellular interaction. Observations were performed on workers exposed later in the production line, such as ingot casters exposed to pure molten tin, which reports that there is little dust or fume exposure during this process and changes were not observed in these workers. Though the working conditions are not comparable to today’s practices (much improved), it gives a worst case scenario of exposure during various points of the lifecycle of the registered substance. Dietary studies examining the effects of tin migrated from packaging, like the available animal studies demonstrate rapid excretion (Calloway DH & McMullen JJ (1966) and a lack of toxicological effects (Boogard PH et al, 2003).
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 17 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 50
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 870 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
1000 mg/kg bw/d * (1/1.15 * 0.004%/0.004% ) = 870 mg/m3
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- A clear NOAEL was derived from the study. No correction is required for dose reponse.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- Default factor when extrapolating from the equivalent of a subchronic NOAEL to a chronic NOAEL
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Not required when correcting for inhalation starting point.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor for remaining interspecies differences.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default factor for the general population.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Data is complete and of acceptable quality.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- There are no remaining uncertainties.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 80 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 12.5
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
1000 mg/kg bw/day x (0.004/0.004) = 1000 mg/kg bw/day
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- A clear NOAEL was derived from the study. No correction is required for dose reponse.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- Default factor when extrapolating from the equivalent of a subchronic NOAEL to a chronic NOAEL
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Default allometric factor when extrapolating from rat to man.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor for remaining interspecies differences.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default facotr for the general population.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Data is complete and of acceptable quality.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- There are no remaining uncertainties.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 5 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 200
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- A clear NOAEL was derived from the study. No correction is required for dose reponse.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- Default factor when extrapolating from the equivalent of a subchronic NOAEL to a chronic NOAEL
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Default allometric factor when extrapolating from rat to man.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor for remaining interspecies differences.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default factor for the general population.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Data is complete and of acceptable quality.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- There are no remaining uncertainties.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Additional information - General Population
Tin metal has no practical bioavailability via any route, and is not acutely toxic via the oral, dermal or inhalation route. It was not genotoxic in a satisfactory battery of in vitro tests. The subchronic NOAEL was set on the basis of no practical absorption, and was based on the absence of any effects in a 28 day oral study in rats upto the limit dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/day (a waiver for the 90 day study was written and the NOAEL from the 28 day study adopted as the 90 day end point). There were also no effects in an OECD 414 developmental toxicity study in rats up to the limit dose of 1000 mg/kg bw day. On the basis of the properties of tin and the absence of any toxicity seen in the studies conducted so far, a second species developmental toxicity study and EOGRTS studies are waved, and chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies are not triggered.
Human data:Some biological effects monitoring data was available and relevant for assessment. Robertson J (1960) studied stannosis (tin oxide induced pneumoconiosis) in workers from a tin smelting works. Even with positive X-ray findings, workers with many years of exposure suffered no health effects, deposition of the dust in the lungs did not lead to a fibrous response, indicating no cellular interaction. Observations were performed on workers exposed later in the production line, such as ingot casters exposed to pure molten tin, which reports that there is little dust or fume exposure during this process and changes were not observed in these workers. Though the working conditions are not comparable to today’s practices, it gives a worst case scenario of exposure during various points of the lifecycle of the registered substance. Dietary studies examining the effects of tin migrated from packaging, like the available animal studies, demonstrate rapid excretion (Calloway DH & McMullen JJ (1966) and a lack of toxicological effects (Boogard PH et al, 2003).
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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