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EC number: 250-284-7 | CAS number: 30674-80-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Respiratory sensitisation
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- respiratory sensitisation: in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- No official guidance is available for the investigation of respiratory sensitisation. However, the study presented here meets generally accepted scientific standards and reveals positive responses. Hence, the data were considered to be suitable for classification.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 1 983
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Male guinea pigs were investigated for the development of respiratory sensitisation after inhalation exposure to protein-conjugated test item (conjugate). Challenge with protein-conjugated test material, the unconjugated test material (monomer), as well as copolymerised test item (polymer) was conducted to determine the nature of respiratory response.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate
- EC Number:
- 250-284-7
- EC Name:
- 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate
- Cas Number:
- 30674-80-7
- Molecular formula:
- C7H9NO3
- IUPAC Name:
- 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate
- Test material form:
- other: aerosol (BSA-IEM conjugate and polymer), and vapour (IEM monomer)
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- guinea pig
- Strain:
- Hartley
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Breeding Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass., USA
- Weight at arrival: 350-400 g
- Acclimation period: 10 days
No further details are given in the publication.
Test system
- Route of induction exposure:
- inhalation
- Route of challenge exposure:
- inhalation
- Vehicle:
- other: air
- Concentration:
- - Monomer: 0.01, 0.1, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 ppm
- Conjugate: 24, 72, 89, 90, 92, and 98% conjugation with 37±10, 54±14, 31±9, 49±24, 47±7, 42±8 g/L average chamber protein concentration, respectively
- Polymer: 0.5 mg/L - No. of animals per dose:
- 4 males
- Details on study design:
- MAIN STUDY
A. INDUCTION EXPOSURE
- Exposure period: 5 min control period; 10 min exposure to aerosolised BSA-IEM; and 5 min recovery period
- Test groups: BSA protein conjugate (BSA-IEM)
- Control group: unconjugated BSA
- Frequency of applications: once daily, 5 days/week
- Duration: until a positive respiratory response occurred
- Concentrations: 24, 72, 89, 90, 92, and 98% conjugated BSA-IEM
B. CHALLENGE EXPOSURE
- No. of exposures: 4
- Day(s) after positive response during induction exposure: 1 (unconjugated BSA and GSA-IEM, respectively, with 1 h rest period inbetween); 10 (unconjugated BSA, only if no positive response with GSA-IEM was obtained); animals induced with 92 and 98% conjugated BSA-IEM were challenged with monomer on days 1 and 12, and additional with BSA-IEM on days 5 and 6
- Exposure period: 5 min control period; 10 min exposure to aerosolised test material; and 5 min recovery period (BSA-IEM) or 6 h (monomer or polymer, respectively, due to human data reporting that delayed response)
- Test groups: unconjugated BSA and GSA-IEM, unconjugated BSA and monomer, or unconjugated BSA and polymer, respectively
- Control group: unconjugated BSA
- Concentrations: 24, 72, 89, 90, 92, and 98% conjugated BSA-IEM
- Other: Animals of the 90% BSA-IEM test group were treated with disodium cromoglycate (DSCG), a bronchial asthma prophylactic agent (60 µg/L for 10 min) 30 min prior to exposure on test days 10 and 16. These animals were killed immediately after exposure during the 3rd exposure week and the lungs were examined histopathologically. One of these animals were killed immediately after a positive response. - Negative control substance(s):
- other: unconjugated BSA
Results and discussion
- Results:
- Results:
Responses to the conjugate generally occurred after several minutes of exposure and subsided during the 5-min recovery period following exposure. The number of animals developing respiratory responses was related to the degree of IEM conjugation on protein. 2/4 animals exposed to the 24% conjugate, 3/4 animals exposed to the 72% conjugate, and all animals exposed to 89% and greater conjugates developed positive responses during the 2nd or 3rd week of exposure. Often the responses were transient and lasted only several days. However, the responses could be evoked again and if animals were rechallenged after a 1-week rest period. When animals responsive to the BSA-IEM, 80% responded to the GSA-IEM conjugate, while none responded to unconjugated BSA. Those challenged with GSA alone also responded negatively. The authors considered this result as a strong evidence that IEM portion of the molecule was critical for eliciting the response.
All animals exposed to the 90% BSA-IEM conjugate developed respiratory responses within 8-15 days after study initiation. They were treated with DSCG, which was administered 30 min prior to exposure on test days 10 and 16. None of the animals had positive respiratory responses on the days when DSCG was preadministered.1 animal responded on the subsequent day after DSCG preadministration again, while others responded several days later when challenged with the BSA-IEM conjugate aerosol. The authors conclude that DSCG diminished the respiratory response to BSA-IEM. No exposure related gross or histopathologic abnormalities were observed in any of these animals.
Two groups of animals exposed to the BSA-IEM conjugate (92 and 98%) were challenged with the IEM monomer. No immediate or delayed response occurred in animals challenged with 0.01 ppm monomer. Exposure to 0.1-0.4 ppm monomer vapour elicited repiratory responses in some of the BSA-IEM responsive animals. The responses were qualitatively identical to those induced by the conjugate, i.e. similar increases in respiratory rate. However, the responses to the monomer were delayed, occurring 1-5 h post exposure and generally lasted longer than those induced by the conjugates. No responses were seen, when control animals were exposed to the monomer. Challenge with 0.5 and 0.6 ppm monomer produced severe upper respiratory tract irritation, as indicated by a 30 and 50% decrease in respiration during exposure, respectively, in both control animals and and those previously induced with the conjugate. No delayed responses were detected at these concentrations. The authors stated that the recovery from irritation was slow and may have masked a positive respiratory response.
None of the animals responsive to BSA-IEM and challenged with the polymer displayed a positive response when monitored during exposure or the 6 h recovery period.
Discussion:
The authors conclude from this study that IEM is likely to act as hapten, inducing an immune response after conjugation to a larger molecule. The positive response of the test animals to challeng wit GSA-IEM conjugate and to the IEM monomer was evidence that the haptenic group rather than the carrier was responsible for eliciting the asthmatic response. The delayed response to challenge with monomer supports the likelihood that a protein-isocyanate conjugation reaction occurred in vivo prior to respiratory reaction.
The authors suggested that the test material induced an immediate (Type I) hypersensitivity, since an increase of the respiratory rate followed in some cases by gasping respiration was observed already within 10-14 days of exposure. Further support consists of inhibition of the response by DSCG, which prevents allergic asthmatic attack by inhibiting the release of mediators of anaphylaxis initiated by the interaction of antigens with reagenic (IgE-type) antibodies. In the present study the respiratory responses lasted for only a few days. The authors suggest that this finding might correspond to a built-up first of reagenic (IgE-type) antibodies followed within days by the production of blocking (IgG) antibodies. However it may be that the loss of response corresponded to a depletion of mediator (reagenic antibodies) due to the frequency of challenge. Therefore, a rest period allowed the mediator to again built up and responses could be reinduced.
The authors also suggest that the respiratory response in sensitised guinea pigs is to some extent dose related. In the BSA-IEM treatment the number of animals which became responsive was related to the degree of conjugation of the carrier protein. However, there was no correlation between degree of conjugation and the time of onset of response (min after exposure), response severity, or duration of response. The response to challenge with the IEM monomer was concentration related at levels below 0.5 ppm in both the number of animals responding and and duration and severity of response. Higher concentrations resulted in sensory irritation and respiratory slowing, which may have obscured any potential asthmatic respinses. The lack of response to the polymer also suggested that a critical level of monomer was needed to trigger a response.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Interpretation of results:
- other: CLP/EU GHS Category 1 (H334) according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008
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